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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Pamditherbw User Manual</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>pamditherbw</H1>
Updated: 03 March 2007
<BR>
<A HREF="#index">Table Of Contents</A>
<H2>NAME</H2>
pamditherbw - dither grayscale image to black and white
<H2 id="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</H2>
<B>pamditherbw</B>
[<B>-floyd</B> | <B>-fs</B>
| <b>-atkinson</b>
| <B>-threshold</B>
| <B>-hilbert</B>
| <B>-dither8</B> | <B>-d8</B> | <B>-cluster3</B>
| <B>-c3</B> | <B>-cluster4</B> | <B>-c4</B>
| <B>-cluster8</B> | <B>-c8</B>]
[<B>-value</B> <I>val</I>]
[<B>-clump</B> <I>size</I>]
[<I>pamfile</I>]
<P>All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix.
<H2 id="description">DESCRIPTION</H2>
<p>This program is part of <a href="index.html">Netpbm</a>.
<P><B>pamditherbw</b> dithers a grayscale image. Dithering means turning
each shade of gray into a pattern of black and white pixels that, from
a distance, look the same as the gray.
<p>The input should be a PGM image or a PAM image of tuple type
GRAYSCALE. However, <b>pamditherbw</b> doesn't check, so if you feed
it e.g. a PPM image, it will produce arbitrary results (actually, it
just takes the first channel of whatever you give it and treats it as
if it represented gray levels).
<p>The output is a PAM with tuple type BLACKANDWHITE. You can turn
this into a PBM (if you need to use it with an older program doesn't
understand PAM) with <b>pamtopnm</b>.
<P>To do the opposite of dithering, you can usually just scale the image
down and then back up again with <b>pamscale</b>, possibly smoothing or
blurring the result with <b>pnmsmooth</b> or <b>pnmconvol</b>. Or use
the special case program <b>pbmtopgm</b>.
<p>To dither a color image (to reduce the number of pixel colors),
use <b>ppmdither</b>.
<p>Another way to convert a grayscale image to a black and white image
is thresholding. Thresholding is simply replacing each grayscale pixel
with a black or white pixel depending on whether its brightness is above or
below a threshold. That threshold might vary. Simple thresholding is a
degenerate case of dithering, so <b>pamditherbw</b> does very simple
thresholding with its <b>-threshold</b> option. But <b>pamthreshold</b>
does more sophisticated thresholding.
<H2 id="options">OPTIONS</H2>
<P>The default quantization method is boustrophedonic Floyd-Steinberg
error diffusion (<B>-floyd</B> or <B>-fs</B>).
<p>Also available are simple thresholding (<B>-threshold</B>); Bayer's
ordered dither (<B>-dither8</B>) with a 16x16 matrix;
<a href="http://www.tinrocket.com/projects/programming/graphics/00158/">
Atkinson</a>; and three different sizes of 45-degree clustered-dot
dither (<B>-cluster3</B>, <B>-cluster4</B>, <B>-cluster8</B>).
<p>A space filling curve halftoning method using the Hilbert curve is
also available (<B>-hilbert</B>).
<P>Floyd-Steinberg or Atkinson will almost always give the best
looking results; however, looking good is not always what you want.
For instance, you can use thresholding in a pipeline with the
<b>pnmconvol</b>, for tasks such as edge and peak detection. And
clustered-dot dithering gives a newspaper-ish look, a useful special
effect.
<p>Floyd-Steinberg is by far the more traditional, but
<a href="http://www.tinrocket.com/projects/programming/graphics/00158/">
some claim</a> Atkinson works better.
<P>The <B>-value</B> option alters the thresholding value for
Floyd-Steinberg, Atkinson, and simple thresholding. It should be a
real number between 0 and 1. Above 0.5 means darker images; below 0.5
means lighter.
<P>The Hilbert curve method is useful for processing images before
display on devices that do not render individual pixels distinctly
(like laser printers). This dithering method can give better results
than the dithering usually done by the laser printers themselves. The
<B>-clump</B> option alters the number of pixels in a clump. This is
usually an integer between 2 and 100 (default 5). Smaller clump sizes
smear the image less and are less grainy, but seem to lose some grey
scale linearity. Typically a PGM image will have to be scaled to fit
on a laser printer page (2400 x 3000 pixels for an A4 300 dpi page),
and then dithered to a PBM image before being converted to a
postscript file. A printing pipeline might look something like:
<pre>
pamscale -xysize 2400 3000 image.pgm | pamditherbw -hilbert | \
pamtopnm | pnmtops -scale 0.25 > image.ps
</pre>
<H2 id="references">REFERENCES</H2>
<p>The only reference you need for this stuff is "Digital
Halftoning" by Robert Ulichney, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-21009-6.
<P>The Hilbert curve space filling method is taken from "Digital
Halftoning with Space Filling Curves" by Luiz Velho, Computer
Graphics Volume 25, Number 4, proceedings of SIGRAPH '91, page
81. ISBN 0-89791-436-8
<H2 id="seealso">SEE ALSO</H2>
<A HREF="pamtopnm.html">pamtopnm</A>,
<A HREF="pgmtopgm.html">pgmtopgm</A>,
<A HREF="pbmtopgm.html">pbmtopgm</A>,
<A HREF="pamthreshold.html">pamthreshold</A>,
<A HREF="pbmreduce.html">pbmreduce</A>,
<A HREF="pnmconvol.html">pnmconvol</A>,
<A HREF="pamscale.html">pamscale</A>,
<A HREF="pam.html">pam</A>,
<A HREF="pnm.html">pnm</A>,
<H2 id="history">HISTORY</H2>
<p><b>pamditherbw</b> was new in Netpbm 10.23 (July 2004), but is
essentially the same program as <b>pgmtopbm</b> that has existed
practically since the beginning. <b>pamditherbw</b> differs from its
predecessor in that it properly adds brightnesses (using gamma
transformations; <b>pgmtopbm</b> just adds them linearly) and that it
accepts PAM input in addition to PGM and PBM and produces PAM output.
<p><b>pamditherbw</b> obsoletes <b>pgmtopbm</b>.
<p><b>-atkinson</b> was new in Netpbm 10.38 (March 2007).
<H2 id="author">AUTHOR</H2>
Copyright (C) 1989 by Jef Poskanzer.
<HR>
<H2 id="index">Table Of Contents</H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#description">DESCRIPTION</A>
<LI><A HREF="#options">OPTIONS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#references">REFERENCES</A>
<LI><A HREF="#seealso">SEE ALSO</A>
<LI><A HREF="#author">AUTHOR</A>
</UL>
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