1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Pnmgamma User Manual</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>pnmgamma</H1>
Updated: 18 February 2006
<BR>
<A HREF="#index">Table Of Contents</A>
<H2>NAME</H2>
pnmgamma - perform gamma correction on a PNM image
<H2 id="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</H2>
<p>
<b>pnmgamma</b>
{
<b>-bt709tolinear</b> |
<b>-lineartobt709</b> |
<b>-bt709tosrgb</b> |
<b>-srgbtobt709</b>
}
[<b>-gamma=</b><i>float</i>]
[<b>-rgamma=</b><i>float</i>]
[<b>-ggamma=</b><i>float</i>]
[<b>-bgamma=</b><i>float</i>]
[<i>pnmfile</i>]
<p>
<B>pnmgamma </B>
[
<B>-bt709ramp</B> |
<B>-srgbramp</B>
]
[<b>-ungamma</b>]
<br>
[{<I>gamma</I> | <i>redgamma</i> <i>greengamma</i> <i>bluegamma</i>}
[<I>pnmfile</I>]]
<H2 id="description">DESCRIPTION</H2>
<p>This program is part of <a href="index.html">Netpbm</a>.
<p><b>Pnmgamma</b> performs gamma correction on pseudo-PNM images.
<P>The PPM format specification specifies that certain sample values
in a file represent certain light intensities in an image. In
particular, they specify that the sample values are directly
proportional to luminance as defined by ITU-R Recommendation BT.709.
<P>However, people sometimes work with approximations of PPM and PGM
where the sample values represent intensity in different ways. For
example, the sample value might be directly proportional to radiance
(often called "linear intensity"). Or a different gamma
transfer function may be used. The relationship between the sample
values and radiance is often called a gamma transfer function.
<P><B>pnmgamma</B> allows you to manipulate the gamma transfer
function, thus working with and/or creating pseudo-PPM files that are
useful for various things.
<P>For example, if you feed a true PPM to <kbd>pnmgamma -bt709tolinear
</kbd>, you get as output a file which is PPM in every respect except
that the sample values are radiances. If you feed such a file to
<kbd>pnmgamma -linearto709</kbd>, you get back a true PPM.
<P>The situation for PGM images is analogous. And <B>pnmgamma</B>
treats PBM images as PGM images.
<P>When you feed a radiance-proportional pseudo-PPM image to a display
program that expects a true PPM, the display appears darker than it
should, so <B>pnmgamma</B> has the effect of lightening the image.
When you feed a true PPM to a display program that expects
radiance-proportional sample values, and therefore does a gamma
correction of its own on them, the display appears lighter than it
should, so <B>pnmgamma</B> with a gamma value less than one (the
multiplicative inverse of whatever gamma value the display program
uses) has the effect of darkening the image.
<H2 id="parameters">PARAMETERS</H2>
<p>The form of the parameters depends on whether you're using the old
syntax or the new syntax. With the old syntax, the parameters are
a mixture of gamma values and the input file name. With the new
syntax, the only parameter is the input file name and you specify gamma
values with option.
<p>You use the old syntax if you specify <b>-bt709ramp</b> (or
its synonym <b>-cieramp</b>) or <b>-srgramp</b> or if you don't specify
any transfer function at all (and thus default to a simple exponential).
Otherwise, you use the new syntax.
<p>With the old syntax, you may specify a single gamma value or 3
separate gamma values (red, green, and blue) or no gamma values. In
any case, the meanings of those parameters is the same as the more
modern <b>-gamma</b>, <b>-rgamma</b>, <b>-ggamma</b>, and
<b>-bgamma</b> options described below.
<H2 id="options">OPTIONS</H2>
<DL COMPACT>
<dt><b>-bt709tolinear</b>
<dd>Convert the image from ITU Recommendation BT.709 luminance to
radiance (sometimes called "linear"). I.e. convert from
true PPM or PGM to a radiance-linear variation that can be used with
certain tools that need it.
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<dt><b>-lineartobt709</b>
<dd>Convert the image from radiance to ITU Recommendation BT.709
luminance. I.e. convert to true PPM or PGM from a "linear"
variation.
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<dt><b>-bt709tosrgb</b>
<dd>Convert the image from ITU Recommendation BT.709 luminance to SRGB
luminance. I.e. convert from true PPM or PGM to an SRGB-based
variation that is required by certain tools and display devices.
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<dt><b>-srgbtobt709</b>
<dd>Convert the image from SRGB luminance to ITU Recommendation BT.709
luminance. I.e. convert to true PPM or PGM from an SRGB-based
variation.
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<DT><B>-bt709ramp</B>
<DD>Use the ITU-R Recommendation BT.709 gamma transfer function. Note
that it is true BT.709 only if you use the default gamma value
(i.e. don't specify any gamma parameters). This transfer function is
a power function modified with a linear ramp near black.
<P>If you specify none of the transfer functions the transfer function
defaults to a simple power function.
<P>This option was renamed in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006). Before that,
its name is <b>-cieramp</b>.
<dt><b>-cieramp</b>
<dd>This is an obsolete synonym for <b>-bt709ramp</b>.
<P>The name of this option comes from a former belief that this was a
standard of CIE (International Commission On Illumination), but it now
(August 2005) looks like it never was.
<DT><B>-srgbramp </B>
<DD>Use the Internation Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) SRGB gamma
transfer function (as specified in the standard IEC 61966-2-1). Note
that it is true SRGB only if you use the default gamma value
(i.e. don't specify any gamma parameters). This transfer function is
like the one selected by <B>-bt709ramp</B>, but with different constants
in it.
<P>Note that SRGB is often spelled "sRGB". In this
document, we use standard English typography, though, which doesn't
allow for that kind of capitalization.
<P>If you specify neither <B>-bt709ramp</B> nor <B>-srgbramp</B>, the
transfer function defaults to a simple power function.
<DT><B>-ungamma</B>
<DD>Apply the inverse of the specified transfer function (i.e. go from
gamma-corrected luminance to radiance).
<p>This is valid only with <b>-bt709ramp</b> (aka <b>-cieramp</b>),
<b>-srgbramp</b>, and the default exponential transfer function.
<dt><b>-gamma=</b><i>float</i>
<dd>This specifies the gamma value to use in the transfer function. All
of the transfer functions involve an exponent, and the gamma value is that
exponent.
<p>The standards specify a particular gamma value. If you use anything
else, you are varying from the standard.
<p>The default is the standard value. For the simple exponential transfer
function (which is not a standard), the default is 2.2.
<p>If you specify one of the component-specific options (<b>-rgamma</b>,
etc.), that overrides the <b>-gamma</b> value.
<p>With the <b>-bt709ramp</b> (aka <b>-cieramp</b>), <b>-srgbramp</b>,
or the default exponentional transfer function, you can't actually use
this option, but you specify the same thing with <a
href="#parameters">parameters.</a>
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<dt><b>-rgamma=</b><i>float</i>
<dt><b>-ggamma=</b><i>float</i>
<dt><b>-bgamma=</b><i>float</i>
<dd>These options are just like <b>-gamma</b>, except they specify the
value for a particular one of the color components.
<p>If you don't specify this option for a particular color component,
the default is the <b>-gamma</b> value (or <b>-gamma</b>'s default if
you didn't specify that either).
<p>With the <b>-bt709ramp</b> (aka <b>-cieramp</b>), <b>-srgbramp</b>,
or the default exponentional transfer function, you can't actually use
this option, but you specify the same thing with <a
href="#parameters">parameters.</a>
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).
<dt><b>-maxval=</b><i>maxval</i>
<dd>This is the maxval of the output image. By default, the maxval of
the output is the same as that of the input.
<p>Because the transformation is not linear, you need a greater maxval
in the output in order not to lose any information from the input.
For example, if you convert to radiance-linear sample values with with
<kbd>-ungamma -bt709ramp</kbd> and default gamma value, and your maxval is
255 on both input and output, 3 different input sample values all
generate output sample value 254. In order to have a different output
sample value for each input sample value, you would need an output
maxval at least 3 times the input maxval.
<p>This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006). Before that,
you can achieve the same result by increasing the maxval of the input
or decreasing the maxval of the output using <b>pnmdepth</b>.
</DL>
<H2 id="gamma">WHAT IS GAMMA?</H2>
<P>A good explanation of gamma is in Charles Poynton's Gamma FAQ at
<A HREF="http://www.poynton.com/GammaFAQ.html">
http://www.poynton.com/GammaFAQ.html</A> and Color FAQ at <A
HREF="http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html">
http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html</A>.
<P>In brief: The simplest way to code an image is by using sample
values that are directly proportional to the radiance of the color
components. Radiance is a physical quantification based on the amount
of power in the light; it is easily measurable in a laboratory, but
does not take into account what the light looks like to a person. It
wastes the sample space because the human eye can't discern
differences between low-radiance colors as well as it can between
high-radiance colors. So instead, we pass the radiance values
through a transfer function that makes it so that changing a sample
value by 1 causes the same level of perceived color change anywhere in
the sample range. We store those resulting values in the image file.
That transfer function is called the gamma transfer function and the
transformation is called gamma correcting.
<p>The gamma-corrected value, proportional to subjective brightness,
are known as the luminance of the pixel.
<p>There is no precise objective way to measure luminance, since it's
psychological. Also, perception of brightness varies according to a
variety of factors, including the surrounding in which an image is
viewed. Therefore, there is not just one gamma transfer function.
<P>Virtually all image formats, either specified or de facto, use
gamma-corrected values for their sample values.
<P>What's really nice about gamma is that by coincidence, the inverse
function that you have to do to convert the gamma-corrected values
back to radiance is done automatically by CRTs. You just apply a
voltage to the CRT's electron gun that is proportional to the
gamma-corrected sample value, and the radiance of the light that comes
out of the screen is close to the radiance value you had before you
applied the gamma transfer function!
<P>And when you consider that computer video devices usually want you
to store in video memory a value proportional to the signal voltage
you want to go to the monitor, which the monitor turns into a
proportional drive voltage on the electron gun, it is really
convenient to work with gamma-corrected sample values.
<H2 id="seealso">SEE ALSO</H2>
<B><A HREF="pnm.html">pnm</A></B>
<H2 id="author">AUTHOR</H2>
Copyright (C) 1991 by Bill Davidson and Jef Poskanzer.
<HR>
<A NAME="index"> </A>
<H2>Table Of Contents</H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#description">DESCRIPTION</A>
<LI><A HREF="#parameters">PARAMETERS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#options">OPTIONS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#gamma">WHAT IS GAMMA?</A>
<LI><A HREF="#seealso">SEE ALSO</A>
<LI><A HREF="#author">AUTHOR</A>
</UL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
