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This file describes (a little) how the program works.
PARALLEL MODE
-------------
In parallel mode, two processes run on the machine where you invoke
Ppmtompeg: the master server and the combine server. Sometimes, there's
a third process called a decode server, but I don't know what that's for
yet.
Other processes, which are typically on separate machines, one per
machine, are called encoder processes. The code normally calls these
"child" processes and the documentation normally calls them "slave"
processes. We really should fix that.
The master server's job is to feed work assignments to the encoder
processes. A work assignment is a set of frames to encode.
The combine server's job is to take the encoded output from the encoder
processes and combine them into a single MPEG movie.
The master process is the first process that exists. The first thing
it does is create the combine server. Then it creates the encoder
processes. It creates each encoder process with an initial
assignment. The master process then waits in a loop for an encoder
process to report that it has finished its assignment and gives a new
assignment to it.
The master process and the combine process both have a listening TCP
port. They choose an available port number. When the master server
creates the combine server, it passes the master server's TCP listen
port number to the combine server. It then waits to hear from the
combine process what TCP listen port it has chosen. The combine
server connects to the master server's listen port and tells it. The
master server then passes to each encode server, as it creates it,
the TCP listen ports of both the master server and the combine server.
When the combine server has processed all the frames, it shuts down.
It connects to the master server TCP listen port and tells the master
server it is shutting down.
When an encoder server finishes a frame, it connects to the combine
server's TCP listen port and tells the combine server that the frame
is ready.
When an encoder server finishes an assignment, it connects to the master
server TCP listen port and tells the master it is done, and receives over
the same connection its next assignment. If there is no more work to do,
the master server instead tells the encoder server just to terminate.
When the master server has told every encoder server to terminate, it
waits for the combine server to say that it has terminated. The master
server then terminates.
To create the combine server, the master server forks and execs
'ppmtompeg' with the -output_server option.
To create an encoder server, the master server invokes Ssh (or something
like it) and tells the remote shell to execute 'ppmtompeg' with the
-child option.
The various processes communicate frame data via a shared filesystem
(e.g. NFS). An encoder server grabs the input frames from the shared
filesystem and writes the encoded frames to it. The combine server
grabs the encoded frames from it and writes the MPEG movie file to it.
The encoded frames go in individual files. The combine server deletes
each file after it has copied it to the MPEG movie file. Use the
KEEP_TEMP_FILES parameter file statement to keep them around for
debugging.
There's also an alternative "remote I/O" method of communication that
doesn't require a shared filesystem. I haven't studied that.
The master server and combine server code are in parallel.c. The
encoder server code is roughly the same as what the single encoder
process executes when you aren't running in parallel mode.
THE ENCODING PROCEDURE
----------------------
Encoding is done by ppmtompeg.c, which calls GenMPEGStream in mpeg.c to
do most of the work.
The encoder goes through the input frames in movie sequence. But the
frames don't go into an MPEG stream in movie sequence. A B frame not
only can't be encoded without the subsequent I or P frame (reference
frame); it can't be decoded without it either. So in the MPEG stream,
B frames come immediately after the reference frame which comes
immediately after the B frames in the actual movie.
When the input is from a sequential stream (the only way that's possible
today is with Standard Input), the encoder saves up B frame input until
after it has encoded and output the post reference frame. It does
this by chaining the input frames to the pre reference frame. We really
should clean this up so that a single module handles input of all kinds
and presents only a sequential stream to the encoder. The encoder should
not have special cases for the different types of input. That input
module would let the encoder ask from Frame N even if the input is
sequential. The input module would buffer frames from the sequential
input as necessary.
In parallel mode, the combine server takes encoded frames from the
encoder servers as it comes. It can be in any order. The combine
server knows which frames go where in the output stream and outputs them
in the proper order. This is important for two reasons. First, the
encoder servers don't finish assignments in the same order in which they
get them. Second, when an encoder server gets an assignment that ends
with a B frame, the combine server has to wait for the encoder server
that has the next assignment to produce the post reference frame before
the combine server can do anything with that trailing B frame.
genMPEGStream() encodes a frame at a time, but it inserts a stream
header and GOP headers where they belong. genMPEGStream() operates in
three modes: Whole Stream, GOP, and Just Frames. In Whole Stream
mode, it inserts all the required headers. In GOP mode, it inserts
GOP headers but not the stream header. In Just Frames mode, it
inserts no headers at all. In parallel mode, genMPEGStream generates
one frame per file, and only Just Frames mode makes any sense. We
really should fix this up so that the encoder always works in Just
Frames mode and a GOP builder module takes the encoder's output and
splices it with GOP headers and a stream builder module takes the GOP
builder's output and adds it to a stream header. In parallel mode,
the combine server would run the GOP builder and stream builder
modules.
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