1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
|
texinode(Roadmap)(Invocation)(Introduction)(Top)
chapter(Roadmap)
cindex(roadmap)
The Zsh Manual, like the shell itself, is large and often complicated.
This section of the manual provides some pointers to areas of the shell
that are likely to be of particular interest to new users, and indicates
where in the rest of the manual the documentation is to be found.
sect(When the shell starts)
When it starts, the shell reads commands from various files. These can
be created or edited to customize the shell. See ifzman(the section
Startup/Shutdown Files in zmanref(zsh))\
ifnzman(noderef(Files)).
If no personal intialization files exist for the current user, a function
is run to help you change some of the most common settings. It won't
appear if your administrator has disabled the tt(zsh/newuser) module.
The function is designed to be self-explanatory. You can run it by hand
with `tt(autoload -Uz zsh-newuser-install; zsh-newuser-install -f)'.
sect(Interactive Use)
Interaction with the shell uses the builtin Zsh Line Editor, ZLE. This is
described in detail in ifzman(zmanref(zshzle))\
ifnzman(noderef(Zsh Line Editor)).
The first decision a user must make is whether to use the Emacs or Vi
editing mode as the keys for editing are substantially different. Emacs
editing mode is probably more natural for beginners and can be selected
explicitly with the command tt(bindkey -e).
A history mechanism for retrieving previously typed lines (most simply
with the Up or Down arrow keys) is available; note that, unlike other
shells, zsh will not save these lines when the shell exits unless you
set appropriate variables, and the number of history lines retained by
default is quite small (30 lines). See the description of the shell
variables (referred to in the documentation as parameters) tt(HISTFILE),
tt(HISTSIZE) and tt(SAVEHIST) in ifzman(zmanref(zshparam))\
ifnzman(noderef(Parameters Used By The Shell)).
The line editor provides an extensive completion system and the shell
is supplied with completions for many commonly used commands. Note
that the new completion system referred to as tt(compsys) is preferred
over the older tt(compctl) system. The completion system must be enabled
explicitly when the shell starts. For more information see
ifzman(zmanref(zshcompsys))\
ifnzman(noderef(Completion System)).
Apart from completion, the line editor is highly extensible by means of
shell functions. Some useful functions are provided with the shell; they
provide facilities such as:
startitem()
item(tt(insert-composed-char))(
composing characters not found on the keyboard
)
item(tt(match-words-by-style))(
configuring what the line editor considers a word when moving or
deleting by word
)
item(tt(history-beginning-search-backward-end), etc.)(
alternative ways of searching the shell history
)
item(tt(replace-string), tt(replace-pattern))(
functions for replacing strings or patterns globally in the command line
)
item(tt(edit-command-line))(
edit the command line with an external editor.
)
enditem()
See ifzman(the section `ZLE Functions' in zmanref(zshcontrib))\
ifnzman(noderef(ZLE Functions)) for descriptions of these.
sect(Options)
The shell has a large number of options for changing its behaviour.
These cover all aspects of the shell; browsing the full documentation is
the only good way to become acquainted with the many possibilities. See
ifzman(zmanref(zshoptions))\
ifnzman(noderef(Options)).
sect(Pattern Matching)
The shell has a rich set of patterns which are available for file matching
(described in the documentation as `filename generation' and also known for
historical reasons as `globbing') and for use when programming. These are
described in ifzman(the section `Filename Generation' in zmanref(zshexpn))\
ifnzman(noderef(Filename Generation)).
Of particular interest are the following patterns that are not commonly
supported by other systems of pattern matching:
startitem()
item(tt(**))(
for matching over multiple directories
)
item(tt(~), tt(^))(
the ability to exclude patterns from matching when the tt(EXTENDED_GLOB)
option is set
)
item(tt(LPAR())var(...)tt(RPAR()))(
glob qualifiers, included in parentheses at the end of the pattern,
which select files by type (such as directories) or attribute (such as
size).
)
enditem()
sect(General Comments on Syntax)
Although the syntax of zsh is in ways similar to the Korn shell, and
therefore more remotely to the original UNIX shell, the Bourne shell,
its default behaviour does not entirely correspond to those shells.
General shell syntax is introduced in ifzman(the section `Shell Grammar' in
zmanref(zshmisc))\
ifnzman(noderef(Shell Grammar)).
One commonly encountered difference is that variables substituted onto the
command line are not split into words. See the description of the shell option
tt(SH_WORD_SPLIT) in
ifzman(the section `Parameter Expansion' in zmanref(zshexpn))\
ifnzman(noderef(Parameter Expansion)).
In zsh, you should use arrays when you want variables to expand to more
than one word. See
ifzman(the section `Array Parameters' in zmanref(zshparam))\
ifnzman(noderef(Array Parameters)).
sect(Programming)
The most convenient way of adding enhancements to the shell is typically
by writing a shell function and arranging for it to be autoloaded.
Functions are described in ifzman(the section `Functions' in
zmanref(zshmisc))\
ifnzman(noderef(Functions)). Users changing from the C shell and its
relatives should notice that aliases are less used in zsh as they don't
perform argument substitution, only simple text replacement.
A few general functions, other than those for the line editor described
above, are provided with the shell and are described in
ifzman(zmanref(zshcontrib))\
ifnzman(noderef(User Contributions)). Features include:
startitem()
item(tt(promptinit))(
a prompt theme system for changing prompts easily, see ifzman(the section
`Prompt Themes'
)\
ifnzman(noderef(Prompt Themes))
)
item(tt(zsh-mime-setup))(
a MIME-handling system which dispatches commands according to the suffix of
a file as done by graphical file managers
)
item(tt(zcalc))(
a calculator
)
item(tt(zargs))(
a version of tt(xargs) that makes the tt(find) command redundant
)
item(tt(zmv))(
a command for renaming files by means of shell patterns.
)
enditem()
|
