# Test parameter expansion.  Phew.
# (By the way, did I say "phew"?)

%prep

  mkdir parameter.tmp

  cd parameter.tmp

  touch boringfile evenmoreboringfile

%test

  foo='the first parameter'
  bar='the second parameter'
  print -l $foo ${bar}
0:Basic scalar parameter substitution
>the first parameter
>the second parameter

  array1=(the first array)
  array2=(the second array)
  print -l $array1 ${array2}
0:Basic array parameter substitution
>the
>first
>array
>the
>second
>array

  setopt ksharrays
  print -l $array1 ${array2}
  unsetopt ksharrays
0:Basic ksharray substitution
>the
>the

  setopt shwordsplit
  print -l $foo ${bar}
  print -l ${==bar}
  unsetopt shwordsplit
0:Basic shwordsplit option handling
>the
>first
>parameter
>the
>second
>parameter
>the second parameter

  print $+foo ${+foo} $+notappearinginthistest ${+notappearinginthistest}
0:$+...
>1 1 0 0

  x=()
  print ${+x} ${+x[1]} ${+x[(r)foo]} ${+x[(r)bar]}
  x=(foo)
  print ${+x} ${+x[1]} ${+x[(r)foo]} ${+x[(r)bar]}
0:$+... with arrays
>1 0 0 0
>1 1 1 0

  set1=set1v
  null1=
  print ${set1:-set1d} ${set1-set2d} ${null1:-null1d} ${null1-null2d} x
  print ${unset1:-unset1d} ${unset1-unset2d} x
0:${...:-...} and ${...-...}
>set1v set1v null1d x
>unset1d unset2d x

  set2=irrelevant
  print ${set1:=set1d} ${set2::=set2d}
  print $set2
  wasnull1=
  wasnull2=
  print ${wasnull1=wasnull1d} ${wasnull2:=wasnull2d}
  print $wasnull1 $wasnull2
0:${...:=...}, ${...::=...}, ${...=...}
>set1v set2d
>set2d
>wasnull2d
>wasnull2d

  unset array
  print ${#${(A)=array=word}}
0:${#${(A)=array=word}} counts array elements
>1

  (print ${set1:?okhere}; print ${unset1:?exiting1}; print not reached;)
  (print ${null1?okhere}; print ${null1:?exiting2}; print not reached;)
1:${...:?...}, ${...?...}
>set1v
>
?(eval):1: unset1: exiting1
?(eval):2: null1: exiting2

  PROMPT="" $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fis <<<'
  unsetopt PROMPT_SP
  PS1="" PS2="" PS3="" PS4="" RPS1="" RPS2=""
  exec 2>&1
  foo() {
      print ${1:?no arguments given}
      print not reached
  }
  foo
  print reached
  ' 2>/dev/null
0:interactive shell returns to top level on ${...?...} error
*>*foo:1: 1: no arguments given
>reached

  print ${set1:+word1} ${set1+word2} ${null1:+word3} ${null1+word4}
  print ${unset1:+word5} ${unset1+word6}
0:${...:+...}, ${...+...}
>word1 word2 word4
>

  str1='This is very boring indeed.'
  print ${str1#*s}
  print ${str1##*s}
  print $str1##s
0:${...#...}, ${...##...}
> is very boring indeed.
> very boring indeed.
>This is very boring indeed.##s

  str2='If you'\''re reading this you should go and fix some bugs instead.'
  print ${str2%d*}
  print ${str2%%d*}
0:${...%...}, ${...%%...}
>If you're reading this you should go and fix some bugs instea
>If you're rea

  str1='does match'
  str2='does not match'
  print ${str1:#does * match}
  print ${str2:#does * match}
0:${...:#...}
>does match
>

  array1=(arthur boldly claws dogs every fight)
  print ${array1:#[aeiou]*}
  print ${(M)array1:#[aeiou]*}
0:${...:#...}, ${(M)...:#...} with array
>boldly claws dogs fight
>arthur every

  str1="$array1"
  print ${str1/[aeiou]*g/a braw bricht moonlicht nicht the nic}
  print ${(S)str1/[aeiou]*g/relishe}
0:scalar ${.../.../...}, ${(S).../.../...}
>a braw bricht moonlicht nicht the nicht
>relishes every fight

  print ${array1/[aeiou]*/Y}
  print ${(S)array1/[aeiou]*/Y}
0:array ${.../.../...}, ${(S).../.../...}
>Y bY clY dY Y fY
>Yrthur bYldly clYws dYgs Yvery fYght

  str1='o this is so, so so very dull'
  print ${str1//o*/Please no}
  print ${(S)str1//o*/Please no}
0:scalar ${...//.../...}, ${(S)...//.../...}
>Please no
>Please no this is sPlease no, sPlease no sPlease no very dull

  print ${array1//[aeiou]*/Y}
  print ${(S)array1//[aeiou]*/Y}
0:array ${...//.../...}, ${(S)...//.../...}
>Y bY clY dY Y fY
>YrthYr bYldly clYws dYgs YvYry fYght

  print ${array1:/[aeiou]*/expletive deleted}
0:array ${...:/...}
>expletive deleted boldly claws dogs expletive deleted fight

  str1='a\string\with\backslashes'
  str2='a/string/with/slashes'
  print "${str1//\\/-}"
  print ${str1//\\/-}
  print "${str2//\//-}"
  print ${str2//\//-}
0:use of backslashes in //-substitutions
>a-string-with-backslashes
>a-string-with-backslashes
>a-string-with-slashes
>a-string-with-slashes

  args=('one' '#foo' '(bar' "'three'" two)
  mod=('#foo' '(bar' "'three'" sir_not_appearing_in_this_film)
  print ${args:|mod}
  print ${args:*mod}
  print "${(@)args:|mod}"
  print "${(@)args:*mod}"
  args=(two words)
  mod=('one word' 'two words')
  print "${args:|mod}"
  print "${args:*mod}"
  scalar='two words'
  print ${scalar:|mod}
  print ${scalar:*mod}
  print ${args:*nonexistent}
  empty=
  print ${args:*empty}
0:"|" array exclusion and "*" array intersection
>one two
>#foo (bar 'three'
>one two
>#foo (bar 'three'
>
>two words
>
>two words
>
>

  str1='twocubed'
  array=(the number of protons in an oxygen nucleus)
  print $#str1 ${#str1} "$#str1 ${#str1}" $#array ${#array} "$#array ${#array}"
0:${#...}, $#...
>8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

  set 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  print ${##}
  set 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  print ${##}
  print ${##""}
  print ${##1}
  print ${##2}
  print ${###<->} # oh, for pete's sake...
0:${##} is length of $#, and other tales of hash horror
>1
>2
>10
>0
>10
>

  array=(once bitten twice shy)
  print IF${array}THEN
  print IF${^array}THEN
0:basic ${^...}
>IFonce bitten twice shyTHEN
>IFonceTHEN IFbittenTHEN IFtwiceTHEN IFshyTHEN

  # Quote ${array} here because {...,...} doesn't like unquoted spaces.
  print IF{"${array}",THEN}ELSE
  print IF{${^array},THEN}ELSE
0:combined ${^...} and {...,...}
>IFonce bitten twice shyELSE IFTHENELSE
>IFonceELSE IFTHENELSE IFbittenELSE IFTHENELSE IFtwiceELSE IFTHENELSE IFshyELSE IFTHENELSE

  str1='one word'
  print -l $str1 ${=str1} "split ${=str1}wise"
0:${=...}
>one word
>one
>word
>split one
>wordwise

  str1='*'
  print $str1 ${~str1} $~str1
  setopt globsubst
  print $str1
  unsetopt globsubst
0:${~...} and globsubst
>* boringfile evenmoreboringfile boringfile evenmoreboringfile
>boringfile evenmoreboringfile

# The following tests a bug where globsubst didn't preserve
# backslashes when printing out the original string.
  str1='\\*\\'
  (
  setopt globsubst nonomatch
  [[ \\\\ = $str1 ]] && print -r '\\ matched by' $str1
  [[ \\foo\\ = $str1 ]] && print -r '\\foo matched by' $str1
  [[ a\\b\\ = $str1 ]] || print -r 'a\\b not matched by' $str1
  )
0:globsubst with backslashes
>\\ matched by \\*\\
>\\foo matched by \\*\\
>a\\b not matched by \\*\\

  (
    setopt globsubst
    foo="boring*"
    print ${foo+$foo}
    print ${foo+"$foo"}
    print ${~foo+"$foo"}
  )
0:globsubst together with nested quoted expansion
>boringfile
>boring*
>boringfile

  print -l "${$(print one word)}" "${=$(print two words)}"
0:splitting of $(...) inside ${...}
>one word
>two
>words

  (setopt shwordsplit # ensure this doesn't get set in main shell...
  test_splitting ()
  {
    array="one two three"
    for e in $array; do
      echo "'$e'"
    done
  }
  test_split_var=
  echo _${test_split_var:=$(test_splitting)}_
  echo "_${test_split_var}_")
0:SH_WORD_SPLIT inside $(...) inside ${...}
>_'one' 'two' 'three'_
>_'one'
>'two'
>'three'_

  print -l "${(f)$(print first line\\nsecond line\\nthird line)}"
0:${(f)$(...)}
>first line
>second line
>third line

  array1=( uno )
  print -l ${(A)newarray=splitting by numbers}
  print -l ${(t)newarray}
  print -l ${(A)=newarray::=splitting by spaces, actually}
  print -l ${(t)newarray}
  print -l ${(A)newarray::=$array1}
  print -l ${(t)newarray}
  print -l ${newarray::=$array1}
  print -l ${(t)newarray}
  print -l ${newarray::=$array2}
  print -l ${(t)newarray}
0:${(A)...=...}, ${(A)...::=...}, ${scalar=$array}
>splitting by numbers
>array
>splitting
>by
>spaces,
>actually
>array
>uno
>array
>uno
>scalar
>the second array
>scalar

  newarray=("split me" "split me" "I\'m yours")
  print -l "${(@)newarray}"
0:"${(@)...}"
>split me
>split me
>I'm yours

  foo='$(print Howzat usay)'
  print -l ${(e)foo}
0:${(e)...}
>Howzat
>usay

  foo='`print Howzat usay`'
  print -l ${(e)foo}
0:Regress ${(e)...} with backticks (see zsh-workers/15871)
>Howzat
>usay

  foo='\u65\123'
  print -r ${(g:o:)foo}
  foo='\u65\0123^X\C-x'
  print -r ${(g::)foo}
  foo='^X'
  bar='\C-\130'
  [[ ${(g:c:)foo} == ${(g:oe:)bar} ]]
  echo $?
0:${(g)...}
>eS
>eS^X\C-x
>0

  foo='I'\''m nearly out of my mind with tedium'
  bar=foo
  print ${(P)bar}
0:${(P)...}
>I'm nearly out of my mind with tedium
#' deconfuse emacs

  foo=(I could be watching that programme I recorded)
  print ${(o)foo}
  print ${(oi)foo}
  print ${(O)foo}
  print ${(Oi)foo}
0:${(o)...}, ${(O)...}
>I I be could programme recorded that watching
>be could I I programme recorded that watching
>watching that recorded programme could be I I
>watching that recorded programme I I could be

  foo=(yOU KNOW, THE ONE WITH wILLIAM dALRYMPLE)
  bar=(doing that tour of India.)
  print ${(L)foo}
  print ${(U)bar}
0:${(L)...}, ${(U)...}
>you know, the one with william dalrymple
>DOING THAT TOUR OF INDIA.

  foo='instead here I am stuck by the computer'
  print ${(C)foo}
0:${(C)...}
>Instead Here I Am Stuck By The Computer

  foo=$'\x7f\x00'
  print -r -- ${(V)foo}
0:${(V)...}
>^?^@

  foo='playing '\''stupid'\'' "games" \w\i\t\h $quoting.'
  print -r ${(q)foo}
  print -r ${(qq)foo}
  print -r ${(qqq)foo}
  print -r ${(qqqq)foo}
  print -r ${(q-)foo}
0:${(q...)...}
>playing\ \'stupid\'\ \"games\"\ \\w\\i\\t\\h\ \$quoting.
>'playing '\''stupid'\'' "games" \w\i\t\h $quoting.'
>"playing 'stupid' \"games\" \\w\\i\\t\\h \$quoting."
>$'playing \'stupid\' "games" \\w\\i\\t\\h $quoting.'
>'playing '\'stupid\'' "games" \w\i\t\h $quoting.'

  print -r ${(qqqq):-""}
0:workers/36551: literal empty string in ${(qqqq)...}
>$''

  x=( a '' '\b' 'c d' '$e' )
  print -r ${(q)x}
  print -r ${(q-)x}
0:Another ${(q...)...} test
>a '' \\b c\ d \$e
>a '' '\b' 'c d' '$e'

  print -r -- ${(q-):-foo}
  print -r -- ${(q-):-foo bar}
  print -r -- ${(q-):-"*(.)"}
  print -r -- ${(q-):-"wow 'this is cool' or is it?"}
  print -r -- ${(q-):-"no-it's-not"}
0:${(q-)...} minimal single quoting
>foo
>'foo bar'
>'*(.)'
>'wow '\''this is cool'\'' or is it?'
>no-it\'s-not

  foo="'and now' \"even the pubs\" \\a\\r\\e shut."
  print -r ${(Q)foo}
0:${(Q)...}
>and now even the pubs are shut.

  foo="X$'\x41'$'\x42'Y"
  print -r ${(Q)foo}
0:${(Q)...} with handling of $'...'
>XABY

  # The following may look a bit random.
  # For the split we are checking that anything that
  # would normally be followed by a different word has
  # an argument break after it and anything that wouldn't doesn't.
  # For the (Q) we are simply checking that nothing disappears
  # in the parsing.
  foo='<five> {six} (seven) >eight< }nine{ |forty-two| $many$ )ten( more'
  array=(${(z)foo})
  print -l ${(Q)array}
0:${(z)...} and ${(Q)...} for some hard to parse cases
><
>five
>>
>{six}
>(
>seven
>)
>>
>eight
><
>}nine{
>|
>forty-two
>|
>$many$
>)
>ten( more

  strings=(
    'foo=(1 2 3)'
    '(( 3 + 1 == 8 / 2 ))'
    'for (( i = 1 ; i < 10 ; i++ ))'
    '((0.25542 * 60) - 15)*60'
    'repeat 3 (x)'
    'repeat 3 (echo foo; echo bar)'
    'repeat $(( 2 + 4 )) (x)'
    'repeat $( : foo bar; echo 4) (x)'
    'repeat "1"'\''2'\''$(( 3 + 0 ))$((echo 4);)\ 5 (x)'
  )
  for string in $strings; do
    array=(${(z)string})
    for (( i = 1; i <= ${#array}; i++ )); do
      print -r -- "${i}:${array[i]}:"
    done
  done
0:Some syntactical expressions that are hard to split into words with (z).
>1:foo=(:
>2:1:
>3:2:
>4:3:
>5:):
>1:(( 3 + 1 == 8 / 2 )):
>1:for:
>2:((:
# Leading whitespace is removed, because the word proper hasn't started;
# trailing whitespace is left because the word is terminated by the
# semicolon or double parentheses.  Bit confusing but sort of consistent.
>3:i = 1 ;:
>4:i < 10 ;:
>5:i++ :
>6:)):
# This one needs resolving between a math expression and
# a command, which causes interesting effects internally.
>1:(:
>2:(:
>3:0.25542:
>4:*:
>5:60:
>6:):
>7:-:
>8:15:
>9:):
>10:*60:
>1:repeat:
>2:3:
>3:(:
>4:x:
>5:):
>1:repeat:
>2:3:
>3:(:
>4:echo:
>5:foo:
>6:;:
>7:echo:
>8:bar:
>9:):
>1:repeat:
>2:$(( 2 + 4 )):
>3:(:
>4:x:
>5:):
>1:repeat:
>2:$( : foo bar; echo 4):
>3:(:
>4:x:
>5:):
>1:repeat:
>2:"1"'2'$(( 3 + 0 ))$((echo 4);)\ 5:
>3:(:
>4:x:
>5:):


  line=$'A line with # someone\'s comment\nanother line # (1 more\nanother one'
  print "*** Normal ***"
  print -l ${(z)line}
  print "*** Kept ***"
  print -l ${(Z+c+)line}
  print "*** Removed ***"
  print -l ${(Z+C+)line}
0:Comments with (z)
>*** Normal ***
>A
>line
>with
>#
>someone's comment
>another line # (1 more
>another one
>*** Kept ***
>A
>line
>with
># someone's comment
>;
>another
>line
># (1 more
>;
>another
>one
>*** Removed ***
>A
>line
>with
>;
>another
>line
>;
>another
>one

  line='with comment # at the end'
  print -l ${(Z+C+)line}
0:Test we don't get an additional newline token
>with
>comment

  line=$'echo one\necho two # with a comment\necho three'
  print -l ${(Z+nc+)line}
0:Treating zplit newlines as ordinary whitespace
>echo
>one
>echo
>two
># with a comment
>echo
>three

  print -rl - ${(z):-":;(( echo 42 "}
0:${(z)} with incomplete math expressions
>:
>;
>(( echo 42 

  # From parse error on it's not possible to split.
  # Just check we get the complete string.
  foo='echo $(|||) bar'
  print -rl ${(z)foo}
0:$($(z)} with parse error in command substitution.
>echo
>$(|||) bar

 argv=(
  $'a=() b=()'
  $'a=(foo) b=(bar)'
  $'a=(foo) b=() c=() d=(bar) e=(baz) f=() g=()'
  $'a=(foo) b=() c=() d=(bar)\ne=(baz) f=() g=()'
  $'a=(foo) b=() d=(bar)'
 )
 for 1; print -rl -- ${(z)1} && print
0:${(z)} regression test: multiple array assignments
>a=(
>)
>b=(
>)
>
>a=(
>foo
>)
>b=(
>bar
>)
>
>a=(
>foo
>)
>b=(
>)
>c=(
>)
>d=(
>bar
>)
>e=(
>baz
>)
>f=(
>)
>g=(
>)
>
>a=(
>foo
>)
>b=(
>)
>c=(
>)
>d=(
>bar
>)
>;
>e=(
>baz
>)
>f=(
>)
>g=(
>)
>
>a=(
>foo
>)
>b=(
>)
>d=(
>bar
>)
>

  foo=$'\x06ZUI\x1f text-field example: \x1azuitfieldtfield1_1\x1a\'\'\x1a\'\'\x1a1\x1aZUI\\[my_tfield1_width\\]\x1aZUI\\[my_tfield1_start\\]\x1aZUI\\[my_tfield1_data\\]\x1c'
  print "${#${(z@)foo}}"
0:Test real-world data that once seemed to fail
>4

  psvar=(dog)
  setopt promptsubst
  foo='It shouldn'\''t $(happen) to a %1v.'
  bar='But `echo what can you do\?`'
  print -r ${(%)foo}
  print -r ${(%%)bar}
0:${(%)...}
>It shouldn't $(happen) to a dog.
>But what can you do?

  foo='unmatched "'
  print ${(QX)foo}
1:${(QX)...}
?(eval):2: unmatched "
# " deconfuse emacs

  array=(characters in an array)
  print ${(c)#array}
0:${(c)#...}
>22

  print ${(w)#array}
  str='colon::bolon::solon'
  print ${(ws.:.)#str}
  print ${(Ws.:.)#str}
0:${(w)...}, ${(W)...}
>4
>3
>5

  typeset -A assoc
  assoc=(key1 val1 key2 val2)
  print ${(o)assoc}
  print ${(ok)assoc}
  print ${(ov)assoc}
  print ${(okv)assoc}
0:${(k)...}, ${(v)...}
>val1 val2
>key1 key2
>val1 val2
>key1 key2 val1 val2

  word="obfuscatory"
  print !${(l.16.)word}! +${(r.16.)word}+
0:simple padding
>!     obfuscatory! +obfuscatory     +

  foo=(resulting words uproariously padded)
  print ${(pl.10..\x22..X.)foo}
0:${(pl...)...}
>Xresulting """"Xwords roariously """Xpadded
#" deconfuse emacs

  print ${(l.5..X.r.5..Y.)foo}
  print ${(l.6..X.r.4..Y.)foo}
  print ${(l.7..X.r.3..Y.)foo}
  print ${(l.6..X..A.r.6..Y..B.)foo}
  print ${(l.6..X..AROOGA.r.6..Y..BARSOOM.)foo}
0:simultaneous left and right padding
>Xresulting XXXwordsYY proariousl XXpaddedYY
>XXresultin XXXXwordsY uproarious XXXpaddedY
>XXXresulti XXXXXwords Xuproariou XXXXpadded
>XAresultingB XXXAwordsBYY uproariously XXApaddedBYY
>GAresultingB OOGAwordsBAR uproariously OGApaddedBAR

  foo=(why in goodness name am I doing this)
  print ${(r.5..!..?.)foo}
0:${(r...)...}
>why?! in?!! goodn name? am?!! I?!!! doing this?

  array=(I\'m simply putting a brave face on)
  print ${(j:--:)array}
0:${(j)...}
>I'm--simply--putting--a--brave--face--on

  print ${(F)array}
0:${(F)...}
>I'm
>simply
>putting
>a
>brave
>face
>on

  string='zometimez zis getz zplit on a z'
  print -l ${(s?z?)string}
0:${(s...)...}
>ometime
> 
>is get
> 
>plit on a 

  str=s
  arr=(a)
  typeset -A ass
  ass=(a a)
  integer i
  float f
  print ${(t)str} ${(t)arr} ${(t)ass} ${(t)i} ${(t)f}
0:${(t)...}
>scalar array association-local integer-local float-local

  # it's not quite clear that these are actually right unless you know
  # the algorithm:  search along the string for the point at which the
  # first (last) match occurs, for ## (%%), then take the shortest possible
  # version of that for # (%).  it's as good a definition as anything.
  string='where is the white windmill, whispered walter wisely'
  print ${(S)string#h*e}
  print ${(S)string##h*e}
  print ${(S)string%h*e}
  print ${(S)string%%h*e}
0:${(S)...#...} etc.
>wre is the white windmill, whispered walter wisely
>wly
>where is the white windmill, wred walter wisely
>where is the white windmill, wly

  setopt extendedglob
  print ${(SI:1:)string##w[^[:space:]]# }
  print ${(SI:1+1:)string##w[^[:space:]]# }
  print ${(SI:1+1+1:)string##w[^[:space:]]# }
  print ${(SI:1+1+1+1:)string##w[^[:space:]]# }
0:${(I:...:)...}
>is the white windmill, whispered walter wisely
>where is the windmill, whispered walter wisely
>where is the white whispered walter wisely
>where is the white windmill, walter wisely

  print ${(MSI:1:)string##w[^[:space:]]# }
0:${(M...)...}
>where 

  print ${(R)string//w[a-z]# #}
0:${(R)...}
>is the , 

  # Although there's no reliance on multibyte here, the
  # code exercised is different, so test both paths in the following group.
  # If the shell isn't multibyte capable the tests are the same;
  # that's not a problem.
  # This (1) doesn't work with // or /
  #      (2) perhaps ought to be 18, to be consistent with normal zsh
  #          substring indexing and with backreferences.
  print ${(BES)string##white}
  (unsetopt multibyte; print ${(BES)string##white})
0:${(BE...)...}
>14 19
>14 19

  print ${(NS)string##white}
  (unsetopt multibyte; print ${(NS)string##white})
0:${(N)...}
>5
>5

  fn() {
    emulate -L zsh
    local a=abcdef
    print ${(SNBE)a#abcd}
    unsetopt multibyte
    print ${(SNBE)a#abcd}
  }
  fn
0:${(BEN)...} again, with match
>1 5 4
>1 5 4

  string='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
  print ${${string%[aeiou]*}/(#m)?(#e)/${(U)MATCH}}
0:Rule 1:  Nested substitutions
>abcdefghijklmnopqrsT

  array=(et Swann avec cette muflerie intermittente)
  string="qui reparaissait chez lui"
  print ${array[4,5]}
  print ${array[4,5][1]}
  print ${array[4,5][1][2,3]}
  print ${string[4,5]}
  print ${string[4,5][1]}
0:Rule 2: Parameter subscripting
>cette muflerie
>cette
>et
> r
> 

  foo=stringalongamax
  print ${${(P)foo[1,6]}[1,3]}
0:Rule 3: Parameter Name Replacement
>qui

  print "${array[5,6]}"
  print "${(j.:.)array[1,2]}"
0:Rule 4: Double-Quoted Joining
>muflerie intermittente
>et:Swann

  print "${${array}[5,7]}"
  print "${${(@)array}[1,2]}"
0:Rule 5: Nested Subscripting
>wan
>et Swann

  print "${${(@)array}[1,2]#?}"
  print "${(@)${(@)array}[1,2]#?}"
0:Rule 6: Modifiers
>t Swann
>t wann

  array=(she sells z shells by the z shore)
  (IFS='+'; print ${(s.s.)array})
0:Rule 7: Forced Joining, and 8: Forced splitting
>he+ ell +z+ hell +by+the+z+ hore

  setopt shwordsplit
  string='another poxy boring string'
  print -l ${${string}/o/ }
  unsetopt shwordsplit
0:Rule 9: Shell Word Splitting
>an
>ther
>p
>xy
>b
>ring
>string

  setopt nonomatch
  foo='b* e*'
  print ${(e)~foo}
  print ${(e)~=foo}
  setopt nomatch
0:Rule 10: Re-Evaluation
>b* e*
>boringfile evenmoreboringfile

  # ${bar} -> $bar  here would yield "bad substitution".
  bar=confinement
  print ${(el.20..X.)${bar}}
0:Rule 11: Padding
>XXXXXXXXXconfinement

  foo=(bar baz)
  bar=(ax1 bx1)
  print "${(@)${foo}[1]}"
  print "${${(@)foo}[1]}"
  print -l ${(s/x/)bar}
  print -l ${(j/x/s/x/)bar}
  print -l ${(s/x/)bar%%1*}
0:Examples in manual on parameter expansion
>b
>bar
>a
>1 b
>1
>a
>1
>b
>1
>a
> b

  set If "this test fails" "we have broken" the shell again
  print -l ${1+"$@"}
0:Regression test of ${1+"$@"} bug
>If
>this test fails
>we have broken
>the
>shell
>again

  set If "this test fails" "we have broken" the shell again
  print -l "${(A)foo::=$@}"
  print -l ${(t)foo}
  print -l $foo
0:Regression test of "${(A)foo=$@}" bug
>If this test fails we have broken the shell again
>array
>If
>this test fails
>we have broken
>the
>shell
>again

  local sure_that='sure that' varieties_of='varieties of' one=1 two=2
  extra=(5 4 3)
  unset foo
  set Make $sure_that "this test keeps" on 'preserving all' "$varieties_of" quoted whitespace
  print -l ${=1+"$@"}
  print -l ${(A)=foo=Make $sure_that "this test keeps" on 'preserving all' "$varieties_of" quoted whitespace}
  print ${(t)foo}
  print -l ${=1+$one $two}
  print -l ${1+$extra$two$one}
0:Regression test of ${=1+"$@"} bug and some related expansions
>Make
>sure that
>this test keeps
>on
>preserving all
>varieties of
>quoted
>whitespace
>Make
>sure
>that
>this test keeps
>on
>preserving all
>varieties of
>quoted
>whitespace
>array
>1
>2
>5
>4
>321

  splitfn() {
    emulate -L sh
    local HOME="/differs from/bash" foo='1 2' bar='3 4'
    print -l ${1:-~}
    touch has\ space
    print -l ${1:-*[ ]*}
    print -l ${1:-*[\ ]*}
    print -l ${1:-*}
    print -l ${1:-"$foo" $bar}
    print -l ${==1:-$foo $bar}
    rm has\ space
  }
  splitfn
0:More bourne-shell-compatible nested word-splitting with wildcards and ~
>/differs from/bash
>*[
>]*
>has space
>boringfile
>evenmoreboringfile
>has space
>1 2
>3
>4
>1 2 3 4

  splitfn() {
    local IFS=.-
    local foo=1-2.3-4
    #
    print "Called with argument '$1'"
    print "No quotes"
    print -l ${=1:-1-2.3-4} ${=1:-$foo}
    print "With quotes on default argument only"
    print -l ${=1:-"1-2.3-4"} ${=1:-"$foo"}
  }
  print 'Using "="'
  splitfn
  splitfn 5.6-7.8
  #
  splitfn() {
    emulate -L zsh
    setopt shwordsplit
    local IFS=.-
    local foo=1-2.3-4
    #
    print "Called with argument '$1'"
    print "No quotes"
    print -l ${1:-1-2.3-4} ${1:-$foo}
    print "With quotes on default argument only"
    print -l ${1:-"1-2.3-4"} ${1:-"$foo"}
  }
  print Using shwordsplit
  splitfn
  splitfn 5.6-7.8
0:Test of nested word splitting with and without quotes
>Using "="
>Called with argument ''
>No quotes
>1
>2
>3
>4
>1
>2
>3
>4
>With quotes on default argument only
>1-2.3-4
>1-2.3-4
>Called with argument '5.6-7.8'
>No quotes
>5
>6
>7
>8
>5
>6
>7
>8
>With quotes on default argument only
>5
>6
>7
>8
>5
>6
>7
>8
>Using shwordsplit
>Called with argument ''
>No quotes
>1
>2
>3
>4
>1
>2
>3
>4
>With quotes on default argument only
>1-2.3-4
>1-2.3-4
>Called with argument '5.6-7.8'
>No quotes
>5
>6
>7
>8
>5
>6
>7
>8
>With quotes on default argument only
>5
>6
>7
>8
>5
>6
>7
>8

# Tests a long-standing bug with joining on metafied characters in IFS
  (array=(one two three)
  IFS=$'\0'
  foo="$array"
  for (( i = 1; i <= ${#foo}; i++ )); do
    char=${foo[i]}
    print $(( #char ))
  done)
0:Joining with NULL character from IFS
>111
>110
>101
>0
>116
>119
>111
>0
>116
>104
>114
>101
>101

  unset SHLVL
  (( SHLVL++ ))
  print $SHLVL
0:Unsetting and recreation of numerical special parameters
>1

  unset manpath
  print $+MANPATH
  manpath=(/here /there)
  print $MANPATH
  unset MANPATH
  print $+manpath
  MANPATH=/elsewhere:/somewhere
  print $manpath
0:Unsetting and recreation of tied special parameters
>0
>/here:/there
>0
>/elsewhere /somewhere

  local STRING=a:b
  typeset -T STRING string
  print $STRING $string
  unset STRING
  set -A string x y z
  print $STRING $string
  STRING=a:b
  typeset -T STRING string
  print $STRING $string
  unset STRING
  set -A string x y z
  print $STRING $string
  STRING=a:b
  typeset -T STRING string
  print $STRING $string
  unset string
  STRING=x:y:z
  print $STRING $string
  STRING=a:b
  typeset -T STRING string
  print $STRING $string
  unset string
  STRING=x:y:z
  print $STRING $string
0:Unsetting and recreation of tied normal parameters
>a:b a b
>x y z
>a:b a b
>x y z
>a:b a b
>x:y:z
>a:b a b
>x:y:z

  typeset -T tied1 tied2 +
  typeset -T tied2 tied1 +
1:Attempts to swap tied variables are safe but futile
?(eval):typeset:2: already tied as non-scalar: tied2

  string='look for a match in here'
  if [[ ${string%%(#b)(match)*} = "look for a " ]]; then
    print $match[1] $mbegin[1] $mend[1] $string[$mbegin[1],$mend[1]]
    print $#match $#mbegin $#mend
  else
    print That didn\'t work.
  fi
0:Parameters associated with backreferences
>match 12 16 match
>1 1 1
#' deconfuse emacs

  string='and look for a MATCH in here'
  if [[ ${(S)string%%(#m)M*H} = "and look for a  in here" ]]; then
    print $MATCH $MBEGIN $MEND $string[$MBEGIN,$MEND]
    print $#MATCH
  else
    print Oh, dear.  Back to the drawing board.
  fi
0:Parameters associated with (#m) flag
>MATCH 16 20 MATCH
>5

  string='this is a string'
  print ${string//(#m)s/$MATCH $MBEGIN $MEND}
0:(#m) flag with pure string
>this 4 4 is 7 7 a s 11 11tring

  print ${${~:-*}//(#m)*/$MATCH=$MATCH}
0:(#m) flag with tokenized input
>*=*

  print -l JAMES${(u)${=:-$(echo yes yes)}}JOYCE
  print -l JAMES${(u)${=:-$(echo yes yes she said yes i will yes)}}JOYCE
0:Bug with (u) flag reducing arrays to one element
>JAMESyesJOYCE
>JAMESyes
>she
>said
>i
>willJOYCE

  print -l JAMES${(u)${=:-$(echo yes yes she said yes i will yes she said she will and yes she did yes)}}JOYCE
0:New hash seive unique algorithm for arrays of more than 10 elements
>JAMESyes
>she
>said
>i
>will
>and
>didJOYCE

  foo=
  print "${${foo}/?*/replacement}"
0:Quoted zero-length strings are handled properly
>

  file=aleftkept
  print ${file//(#b)(*)left/${match/a/andsome}}
  print ${file//(#b)(*)left/${match//a/andsome}}
0:Substitutions where $match is itself substituted in the replacement
>andsomekept
>andsomekept

  file=/one/two/three/four
  print ${file:fh}
  print ${file:F.1.h}
  print ${file:F+2+h}
  print ${file:F(3)h}
  print ${file:F<4>h}
  print ${file:F{5}h}
0:Modifiers with repetition
>/
>/one/two/three
>/one/two
>/one
>/
>/

  baz=foo/bar
  zab=oof+rab
  print ${baz:s/\//+/}
  print "${baz:s/\//+/}"
  print ${zab:s/+/\//}
  print "${zab:s/+/\//}"
0:Quoting of separator in substitution modifier
>foo+bar
>foo+bar
>oof/rab
>oof/rab

  bsbs='X\\\\Y'
  print -r -- ${bsbs:s/\\/\\/}
  print -r -- "${bsbs:s/\\/\\/}"
  print -r -- ${bsbs:s/\\\\/\\\\/}
  print -r -- "${bsbs:s/\\\\/\\\\/}"
  print -r -- ${bsbs:gs/\\/\\/}
  print -r -- "${bsbs:gs/\\/\\/}"
  print -r -- ${bsbs:gs/\\\\/\\\\/}
  print -r -- "${bsbs:gs/\\\\/\\\\/}"
0:Handling of backslashed backslashes in substitution modifier
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y
>X\\\\Y

  print -r ${${:-one/two}:s,/,X&Y,}
  print -r ${${:-one/two}:s,/,X\&Y,}
  print -r ${${:-one/two}:s,/,X\\&Y,}
  print -r "${${:-one/two}:s,/,X&Y,}"
  print -r "${${:-one/two}:s,/,X\&Y,}"
  print -r "${${:-one/two}:s,/,X\\&Y,}"
0:Quoting of ampersand in substitution modifier RHS
>oneX/Ytwo
>oneX&Ytwo
>oneX\/Ytwo
>oneX/Ytwo
>oneX&Ytwo
>oneX\/Ytwo

  nully=($'a\0c' $'a\0b\0b' $'a\0b\0a' $'a\0b\0' $'a\0b' $'a\0' $'a')
  for string in ${(o)nully}; do
    for (( i = 1; i <= ${#string}; i++ )); do
      foo=$string[i]
      printf "%02x" $(( #foo ))
    done
    print
  done
0:Sorting arrays with embedded nulls
>61
>6100
>610062
>61006200
>6100620061
>6100620062
>610063

  array=(X)
  patterns=("*X*" "spong" "a[b")
  for pat in $patterns; do
    print A${array[(r)$pat]}B C${array[(I)$pat]}D
  done
0:Bad patterns should never match array elements
>AXB C1D
>AB C0D
>AB C0D

  foo=(a6 a117 a17 b6 b117 b17)
  print ${(n)foo}
  print ${(On)foo}
0:Numeric sorting
>a6 a17 a117 b6 b17 b117
>b117 b17 b6 a117 a17 a6

  x=sprodj
  x[-10]=scrumf
  print $x
0:Out of range negative scalar subscripts
>scrumfsprodj

  a=(some sunny day)
  a[-10]=(we\'ll meet again)
  print -l $a
0:Out of range negative array subscripts
>we'll
>meet
>again
>some
>sunny
>day

# ' emacs likes this close quote

  a=(sping spang spong bumble)
  print ${a[(i)spong]}
  print ${a[(i)spung]}
  print ${a[(ib.1.)spong]}
  print ${a[(ib.4.)spong]}
  print ${a[(ib.10.)spong]}
0:In and out of range reverse matched indices without and with b: arrays
>3
>5
>3
>5
>5

  a="thrimblewuddlefrong"
  print ${a[(i)w]}
  print ${a[(i)x]}
  print ${a[(ib.3.)w]}
  print ${a[(ib.10.)w]}
  print ${a[(ib.30.)w]}
0:In and out of range reverse matched indices without and with b: strings
>9
>20
>9
>20
>20

  foo="line:with::missing::fields:in:it"
  print -l ${(s.:.)foo}
0:Removal of empty fields in unquoted splitting
>line
>with
>missing
>fields
>in
>it

  foo="line:with::missing::fields:in:it"
  print -l "${(s.:.)foo}"
0:Hacky removal of empty fields in quoted splitting with no "@"
>line
>with
>missing
>fields
>in
>it

  foo="line:with::missing::fields:in:it:"
  print -l "${(@s.:.)foo}"
0:Retention of empty fields in quoted splitting with "@"
>line
>with
>
>missing
>
>fields
>in
>it
>

  str=abcd
  print -l ${(s..)str}
  print -l "${(s..)str}"
0:splitting of strings into characters
>a
>b
>c
>d
>a
>b
>c
>d

  array=('%' '$' 'j' '*' '$foo')
  print ${array[(i)*]} "${array[(i)*]}"
  print ${array[(ie)*]} "${array[(ie)*]}"
  key='$foo'
  print ${array[(ie)$key]} "${array[(ie)$key]}"
  key='*'
  print ${array[(ie)$key]} "${array[(ie)$key]}"
0:Matching array indices with and without quoting
>1 1
>4 4
>5 5
>4 4

# Ordering of associative arrays is arbitrary, so we need to use
# patterns that only match one element.
  typeset -A assoc_r
  assoc_r=(star '*' of '*this*' and '!that!' or '(the|other)')
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(re)*]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(re)*this*]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(re)!that!]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(re)(the|other)]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(r)*at*]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(r)*(ywis|bliss|kiss|miss|this)*]}
  print ${(kv)assoc_r[(r)(this|that|\(the\|other\))]}
0:Reverse subscripting associative arrays with literal matching
>star *
>of *this*
>and !that!
>or (the|other)
>and !that!
>of *this*
>or (the|other)

  print $ZSH_SUBSHELL
  (print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)
  ( (print $ZSH_SUBSHELL) )
  ( (print $ZSH_SUBSHELL); print $ZSH_SUBSHELL )
  print $(print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)
  cat =(print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)
0:ZSH_SUBSHELL
>0
>1
>2
>2
>1
>1
>1

  foo=("|" "?")
  [[ "|" = ${(j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "|" = ${(j.|.)~foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "|" = ${(~j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "|" = ${(~~j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "|" = ${(j.|.~)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "x" = ${(j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "x" = ${(j.|.)~foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "x" = ${(~j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "x" = ${(~~j.|.)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
  [[ "x" = ${(j.|.~)foo} ]] && print yes || print no
0:GLOBSUBST only on parameter substitution arguments
>no
>yes
>yes
>no
>no
>no
>yes
>no
>no
>no

  rcexbug() {
    emulate -L zsh
    setopt rcexpandparam
    local -A hash
    local -a full empty
    full=(X x)
    hash=(X x)
    print ORDINARY ARRAYS
    : The following behaves as documented in zshoptions
    print FULL expand=$full
    : Empty arrays remove the adjacent argument
    print EMPTY expand=$empty
    print ASSOCIATIVE ARRAY
    print Subscript flags returning many values
    print FOUND key=$hash[(I)X] val=$hash[(R)x]
    : This should behave like $empty, and does
    print LOST key=$hash[(I)y] val=$hash[(R)Y]
    print Subscript flags returning single values
    : Doc says "substitutes ... empty string"
    : so must not behave like an empty array
    print STRING key=$hash[(i)y] val=$hash[(r)Y]
  }
  rcexbug
0:Lookup failures on elements of arrays with RC_EXPAND_PARAM
>ORDINARY ARRAYS
>FULL expand=X expand=x
>EMPTY
>ASSOCIATIVE ARRAY
>Subscript flags returning many values
>FOUND key=X val=x
>LOST
>Subscript flags returning single values
>STRING key= val=

   print $zsh_eval_context[1]
   [[ $ZSH_EVAL_CONTEXT = ${(j.:.)zsh_eval_context} ]] || print Not equal!
   (( icontext = ${#zsh_eval_context} + 1 ))
   contextfn() { print $(print $zsh_eval_context[icontext,-1]); }
   contextfn
0:$ZSH_EVAL_CONTEXT and $zsh_eval_context
>toplevel
>shfunc cmdsubst

   foo="123456789"
   print ${foo:3}
   print ${foo: 1 + 3}
   print ${foo:$(( 2 + 3))}
   print ${foo:$(echo 3 + 3)}
   print ${foo:3:1}
   print ${foo: 1 + 3:(4-2)/2}
   print ${foo:$(( 2 + 3)):$(( 7 - 6 ))}
   print ${foo:$(echo 3 + 3):`echo 4 - 3`}
   print ${foo: -1}
   print ${foo: -10}
   print ${foo:5:-2}
0:Bash-style offsets, scalar
>456789
>56789
>6789
>789
>4
>5
>6
>7
>9
>123456789
>67

   foo=(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
   print ${foo:3}
   print ${foo: 1 + 3}
   print ${foo:$(( 2 + 3))}
   print ${foo:$(echo 3 + 3)}
   print ${foo:3:1}
   print ${foo: 1 + 3:(4-2)/2}
   print ${foo:$(( 2 + 3)):$(( 7 - 6 ))}
   print ${foo:$(echo 3 + 3):`echo 4 - 3`}
   print ${foo: -1}
   print ${foo: -10}
   print ${foo:5:-2}
0:Bash-style offsets, array
>4 5 6 7 8 9
>5 6 7 8 9
>6 7 8 9
>7 8 9
>4
>5
>6
>7
>9
>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
>6 7

   testfn() {
     emulate -L sh
     set -A foo 1 2 3
     set -- 1 2 3
     str=abc
     echo ${foo[*]:0:1}
     echo ${foo[*]:1:1}
     echo ${foo[*]: -1:1}
     :
     echo ${*:0:1}
     echo ${*:1:1}
     echo ${*: -1:1}
     :
     echo ${str:0:1}
     echo ${str:1:1}
     echo ${str: -1:1}
   }
   testfn
0:Bash-style offsets, Bourne-style indexing
>1
>2
>3
>testfn
>1
>3
>a
>b
>c

   printf "%n" '[0]'
1:Regression test for identifier test
?(eval):1: not an identifier: [0]

   str=rts
   print ${str:0:}
1:Regression test for missing length after offset
?(eval):2: unrecognized modifier

   foo="123456789"
   print ${foo:5:-6}
1:Regression test for total length < 0 in string
?(eval):2: substring expression: 3 < 5

   foo=(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
   print ${foo:5:-6}
1:Regression test for total length < 0 in array
?(eval):2: substring expression: 3 < 5

   foo=(${(0)"$(print -n)"})
   print ${#foo}
0:Nularg removed from split empty string
>0

   (set -- a b c
    setopt shwordsplit
    IFS=
    print -rl "$*"
    unset IFS
    print -rl "$*")
0:Regression test for shwordsplit with null or unset IFS and quoted array
>abc
>a b c

   foo=
   print ${foo:wq}
   print ${:wq}
0:Empty parameter should not cause modifiers to crash the shell
>
>

# This used to cause uncontrolled behaviour, but at best
# you got the wrong output so the check is worth it.
   args() { print $#; }
   args ${:*}
   args ${:|}
0:Intersection and disjunction with empty parameters
>0
>0

  foo=(a b c)
  bar=(1 2 3)
  print ${foo:^bar}
  print ${foo:^^bar}
  foo=(a b c d)
  bar=(1 2)
  print ${foo:^bar}
  print ${foo:^^bar}
  foo=('a a' b)
  bar=(1 '2 2')
  print -l "${foo:^bar}"
  print -l "${(@)foo:^bar}"
0:Zipping arrays, correct output
>a 1 b 2 c 3
>a 1 b 2 c 3
>a 1 b 2
>a 1 b 2 c 1 d 2
# maybe this should be changed to output "a a b 1"
>a a b
>1
>a a
>1
>b
>2 2

  foo=(a b c)
  bar=()
  print ${foo:^bar}
  print ${foo:^^bar}
  print ${bar:^foo}
  print ${bar:^^foo}
  print ${bar:^bar}
  print ${bar:^^bar}
0:Zipping arrays, one or both inputs empty
>
>a b c
>
>a b c
>
>

  foo=text
  bar=()
  print ${foo:^bar}
  print ${bar:^^foo}
  bar=other
  print ${foo:^bar}
  bar=(array elements)
  print ${foo:^bar}
  print ${foo:^^bar}
  print ${bar:^foo}
  print ${bar:^^foo}
0:Zipping arrays, scalar input
>
>text
>text other
>text array
>text array text elements
>array text
>array text elements text

  foo=(a b c)
  print ${foo:^^^bar}
1:Zipping arrays, parsing
?(eval):2: not an identifier: ^bar

  (setopt nounset
  print ${foo:^noexist})
1:Zipping arrays, NO_UNSET part 1
?(eval):2: noexist: parameter not set

  (setopt nounset
  print ${noexist:^foo})
1:Zipping arrays, NO_UNSET part 2
?(eval):2: noexist: parameter not set

  expr="a@b,c@d:e@f,g@h:i@j,k@l"
  for sep in : , @; do
    print -l ${(ps.$sep.)expr}
  done
0:Use of variable to get separator when splitting parameter
>a@b,c@d
>e@f,g@h
>i@j,k@l
>a@b
>c@d:e@f
>g@h:i@j
>k@l
>a
>b,c
>d:e
>f,g
>h:i
>j,k
>l

  SHLVL=1
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc 'echo $SHLVL'
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '(echo $SHLVL)'
0:SHLVL appears sensible when about to exit shell
>2
>2

  # SHLVL is incremented twice and decremented once in between.
  SHLVL=1
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL"'
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '('$ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL")'
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '( ('$ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL"))'
0:SHLVL decremented upon implicit exec optimisation
>2
>2
>2

  # SHLVL is incremented twice with no decrement in between.
  SHLVL=1
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '('$ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL"); exit'
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '(exec '$ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL"); exit'
  $ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh -fc '( ('$ZTST_testdir/../Src/zsh' -fc "echo \$SHLVL"); exit)'
0:SHLVL not decremented upon exec in subshells
>3
>3
>3

# The following tests the return behaviour of parsestr/parsestrnoerr
  alias param-test-alias='print $'\''\x45xpanded in substitution'\' 
  param='$(param-test-alias)'
  print ${(e)param}
0:Alias expansion in command substitution in parameter evaluation
>Expanded in substitution

  a=1 b=2 c=3
  : One;
  function {
      : Two
      echo $_
      print -l $argv
  } $_ Three
  print -l $_ Four;
0:$_ with anonymous function
>Two
>One
>Three
>Three
>Four

  a=1 b=2 c=3
  : One
  function {
      : Two
      echo $_
      print -l $argv
  }
  print -l "$_" Four
0:$_ with anonymous function without arguments
>Two
>
>
>Four

  funnychars='The qu*nk br!wan f@x j/mps o[]r \(e la~# ^"&;'
  [[ $funnychars = ${~${(b)funnychars}} ]]
0:${(b)...} quoting protects from GLOB_SUBST

  set -- foo
  echo $(( $#*3 ))
  emulate sh -c 'nolenwithoutbrace() { echo $#-1; }'
  nolenwithoutbrace
0:Avoid confusion after overloaded characters in braceless substitution in sh
>13
>0-1

  a="aaa bab cac"
  b=d
  echo $a:gs/a/${b}/
  a=(aaa bab cac)
  echo $a:gs/a/${b}/
0:History modifier works the same for scalar and array substitution
>ddd bdb cdc
>ddd bdb cdc

 a=1_2_3_4_5_6
 print ${a#(*_)(#c2)}
 print ${a#(*_)(#c5)}
 print ${a#(*_)(#c7)}
0:Complicated backtracking with match counts
>3_4_5_6
>6
>1_2_3_4_5_6

 (setopt shwordsplit
 do_test() {
   print $#: "$@"
 }
 foo=bar
 foo2="bar bar"
 do_test ${:- foo }
 do_test ${:- foo bar }
 do_test ${:- $foo }
 do_test ${:- $foo2 }
 do_test x${:- foo }y
 do_test x${:- foo bar }y
 do_test x${:- $foo }y
 do_test x${:- $foo2 }y
 do_test x${foo:+ $foo }y
 )
0:We Love SH_WORD_SPLIT Day celebrated with space at start of internal subst
>1: foo
>2: foo bar
>1: bar
>2: bar bar
>3: x foo y
>4: x foo bar y
>3: x bar y
>4: x bar bar y
>3: x bar y

 (unsetopt shwordsplit # default, for clarity
 do_test() {
   print $#: "$@"
 }
 foo=bar
 foo2="bar bar"
 do_test ${:- foo }
 do_test ${:- foo bar }
 do_test ${:- $foo }
 do_test ${:- $foo2 }
 do_test x${:- foo }y
 do_test x${:- foo bar }y
 do_test x${:- $foo }y
 do_test x${:- $foo2 }y
 do_test x${foo:+ $foo }y
 )
0:We Love NO_SH_WORD_SPLIT Even More Day celebrated as sanity check
>1:  foo 
>1:  foo bar 
>1:  bar 
>1:  bar bar 
>1: x foo y
>1: x foo bar y
>1: x bar y
>1: x bar bar y
>1: x bar y

  testfn() {
    local scalar=obfuscation
    local -a array=(alpha bravo charlie delta echo foxtrot)
    local -A assoc=(one eins two zwei three drei four vier)
    local name subscript
    for name subscript in scalar 3 array 5 assoc three; do
      print ${${(P)name}[$subscript]}
    done
  }
  testfn
0:${(P)...} with normal subscripting
>f
>echo
>drei

  testfn() {
    local s1=foo s2=bar
    local -a val=(s1)
    print ${${(P)val}[1,3]}
    val=(s1 s2)
    print ${${(P)val}[1,3]}
  }
  testfn
1:${(P)...} with array as name
>foo
?testfn:5: parameter name reference used with array

  testfn() {
    local -A assoc=(one buckle two show three knock four door)
    local name='assoc[two]'
    print ${${(P)name}[2,3]}
  }
  testfn
0:${(P)...} with internal subscripting
>ho

  testfn() {
    local one=two
    local two=three
    local three=four
    local -a four=(all these worlds belong to foo)
    print ${(P)${(P)${(P)one}}}
    print ${${(P)${(P)${(P)one}}}[3]}
  }
  testfn
0:nested parameter name references
>all these worlds belong to foo
>worlds

  (
  path=(/random /value)
  testfn1() {
    local path=
    print $#path
  }
  testfn1
  testfn2() {
    local path=/somewhere
    print $#path $path
  }
  testfn2
  print $#path $path
  )
0:Local special variables with loose typing
>0
>1 /somewhere
>2 /random /value

  print -r -- ${(q+):-}
  print -r -- ${(q+)IFS}
  print -r -- ${(q+):-oneword}
  print -r -- ${(q+):-two words}
  print -r -- ${(q+):-three so-called \'words\'}
  (setopt rcquotes; print -r -- ${(q+):-three so-called \'words\'})
0:${(q+)...}
>''
>$' \t\n\C-@'
>oneword
>'two words'
>'three so-called '\''words'\'
>'three so-called ''words'''

  array=(one two three)
  array[1]=${nonexistent:-foo}
  print $array
0:"-" works after "[" in same expression (Dash problem)
>foo two three

  (
  setopt shwordsplit
  set -- whim:wham:whom
  IFS=:
  print -l $@
  )
0:Splitting of $@ on IFS: single element
>whim
>wham
>whom

  (
  setopt shwordsplit
  set -- one:two bucklemy:shoe
  IFS=:
  print -l $@
  )
0:Splitting of $@ on IFS: multiple elements
# No forced joining in this case
>one
>two
>bucklemy
>shoe

  (
  set -- one:two bucklemy:shoe
  print -l ${(s.:.)@}
  )
0:Splitting of $@ on (s): multiple elements
# Forced joining in this case
>one
>two bucklemy
>shoe

  (
  set -- one:two bucklemy:shoe
  print -l ${(@s.:.)@}
  )
0:Splitting of $@ on (@s): multiple elements
# Forced non-joining in this case
>one
>two
>bucklemy
>shoe

  (
  set -- one:two bucklemy:shoe
  IFS=
  setopt shwordsplit
  print -l ${@} ${(s.:.)*} ${(s.:.j.-.)*}
  )
0:Joining of $@ does not happen when IFS is empty, but splitting $* does
>one:two
>bucklemy:shoe
>one
>twobucklemy
>shoe
>one
>two-bucklemy
>shoe

  (
  set -- "one two" "bucklemy shoe"
  IFS=
  setopt shwordsplit rcexpandparam
  print -l "X${(@j.-.)*}"
  )
0:Use of @ does not prevent forced join with j
>Xone two-bucklemy shoe

  () { print -r -- "${(q)1}" "${(b)1}" "${(qq)1}" } '=foo'
0:(q) and (b) quoting deal with the EQUALS option
>\=foo =foo '=foo'

  args() { print $#; }
  a=(foo)
  args "${a[3,-1]}"
  args "${(@)a[3,-1]}"
0:Out-of-range multiple array subscripts with quoting, with and without (@)
>1
>0

  a='~-/'; echo $~a
0:Regression: "-" became Dash in workers/37689, breaking ~- expansion
*>*
F:We do not care what $OLDPWD is, as long as it does not cause an error

  (
  set -- one 'two three' four
  for ifs in default null unset; do
    for wordsplit in native sh; do
      print -r -- "--- $ifs IFS, $wordsplit splitting ---"
      case $ifs in
      default) IFS=$' \t\n\00' ;;
      null)    IFS= ;;
      unset)   unset -v IFS ;;
      esac
      case $wordsplit in
      native)  unsetopt shwordsplit ;;
      sh)      setopt shwordsplit ;;
      esac
      for testcmd in 'var=$@' 'var=$*' 'var="$@"' 'var="$*"'; do
	print -r -- "> $testcmd"
        eval "$testcmd"
	printf '[%s]\n' "${var[@]}"
      done
    done
  done
  )
0:Assigning $@, $*, "$@", "$*" to var with various shwordsplit/IFS settings
>--- default IFS, native splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[one two three four]
>> var=$*
>[one two three four]
>> var="$@"
>[one two three four]
>> var="$*"
>[one two three four]
>--- default IFS, sh splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[one two three four]
>> var=$*
>[one two three four]
>> var="$@"
>[one two three four]
>> var="$*"
>[one two three four]
>--- null IFS, native splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var=$*
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var="$@"
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var="$*"
>[onetwo threefour]
>--- null IFS, sh splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var=$*
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var="$@"
>[onetwo threefour]
>> var="$*"
>[onetwo threefour]
>--- unset IFS, native splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[one two three four]
>> var=$*
>[one two three four]
>> var="$@"
>[one two three four]
>> var="$*"
>[one two three four]
>--- unset IFS, sh splitting ---
>> var=$@
>[one two three four]
>> var=$*
>[one two three four]
>> var="$@"
>[one two three four]
>> var="$*"
>[one two three four]
F:As of this writing, var=$@ and var="$@" with null IFS have unspecified
F:behavior, see http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=888

  () {
    setopt localoptions extendedglob
    [[ $- = [[:alnum:]]## ]] || print Failed 1
    [[ ${-} = [[:alnum:]]## ]] || print Failed 2
  }
0:$- expansion correctly handles Dash token

  a=(1 "" 3)
  print -rl -- "${(@)a//*/x}"
  a=""
  print -rl -- "${(@)a//*/y}"
0:Zero-length string match in parameter substitution
>x
>x
>x
>y

  a=(1 "" 3)
  print -rl -- "${(@)a//#%*/x}"
  a=""
  print -rl -- "${(@)a//#%*/y}"
0:Zero-length string match at end
>x
>x
>x
>y

  my_width=6
  my_index=1
  my_options=Option1
  hyperlink=$'\034'"MYID"$'\034'"DATA1"$'\034'"DATA2"$'\034'"DATA3"$'\034'"my_width"$'\034'"my_index"$'\034'"my_options"$'\02'
  array=( $hyperlink "Regular text" $hyperlink )
  array=( "${array[@]//(#b)$'\034'[^$'\034']#$'\034'[^$'\034']#$'\034'[^$'\034']#$'\034'[^$'\034']#$'\034'([^$'\034']#)$'\034'([^$'\034']#)$'\034'([^$'\02']#)$'\02'/${(mr:${(P)${(Q)match[1]}}:: :)${(As:;:)${(P)${(Q)match[3]}}}[${(P)${(Q)match[2]}}]}}" )
  print -rl -- "${array[@]}"
0:Test substitution that uses P,Q,A,s,r,m flags
>Option
>Regular text
>Option

 (setopt nonomatch
  print ${(z):-foo-bar*thingy?}
 )
0:(z) splitting with remaining tokens
>foo-bar*thingy?
 
 typeset -A keyvalhash
 keyvalhash=([one]=eins [two]=zwei)
 keyvalhash+=([three]=drei)
 for key in ${(ok)keyvalhash}; do
   print $key $keyvalhash[$key]
 done
0:[key]=val for hashes
>one eins
>three drei
>two zwei

  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=([1]=one [3]=three)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}"
  keyvalarray+=([2]=two)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}"
0:[key]=val for normal arrays
>one
>
>three
>one
>two
>three

  (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=([0]=one [2]=three)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}"
  keyvalarray+=([1]=two)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}")
0:[key]=val for normal arrays with KSH_ARRAYS
>one
>
>three
>one
>two
>three

 typeset -A keyvalhash
 touch foo Xnot_globbedX
 key="another key" val="another value"
 keyvalhash=([$(echo the key)]=$(echo the value)
             [$key]=$val
	     [*]=?not_globbed?)
 for key in ${(ok)keyvalhash}; do
   print -l $key $keyvalhash[$key]
 done
0:Substitution in [key]=val syntax
>*
>?not_globbed?
>another key
>another value
>the key
>the value

 local keyvalarray
 keyvalarray=(1 2 3)
 keyvalarray+=([5]=5 [7]=7)
 keyvalarray+=([4]=4 [6]=6)
 print $#keyvalarray
 print $keyvalarray
0:append to normal array using [key]=val
>7
>1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
 local keyvalarray
 keyvalarray=(1 2 3)
 keyvalarray+=([4]=5 [6]=7)
 keyvalarray+=([3]=4 [5]=6)
 print ${#keyvalarray[*]}
 print ${keyvalarray[*]})
0:append to normal array using [key]=val with KSH_ARRAYS
>7
>1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 local -A keyvalhash
 keyvalhash=(['1first element!']=first' 'value
	     ["2second element?"]=second" "value
	     [$'3third element#']=third$' 'value
	     [\4\f\o\u\r\t\h\ \e\l\e\m\e\n\t\\]=fourth\ value)
 for key in ${(ok)keyvalhash}; do
   print -rl -- $key $keyvalhash[$key]
 done
0:quoting in [key]=value syntax
>1first element!
>first value
>2second element?
>second value
>3third element#
>third value
>4fourth element\
>fourth value

  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(first [2]=second third [6]=sixth seventh [5]=fifth new_sixth)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}"
0:mixed syntax [key]=val with normal arrays
>first
>second
>third
>
>fifth
>new_sixth
>seventh

  (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(first [1]=second third [5]=sixth seventh [4]=fifth new_sixth)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}")
0:mixed syntax [key]=val with normal arrays with KSH_ARRAYS
>first
>second
>third
>
>fifth
>new_sixth
>seventh

  local -A keyvalhash
  keyvalhash=(1 one [2]=two 3 three)
1:Mixed syntax with [key]=val not allowed for hash.
?(eval):2: bad [key]=value syntax for associative array

  touch KVA1one KVA2two KVA3three
  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(KVA* [4]=*)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}"
0:Globbing in non-[key]=val parts of mixed syntax.
>KVA1one
>KVA2two
>KVA3three
>*

  (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
  touch KVA1one KVA2two KVA3three
  local keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(KVA* [3]=*)
  print -l "${keyvalarray[@]}")
0:Globbing in non-[key]=val parts of mixed syntax with KSH_ARRAYS
>KVA1one
>KVA2two
>KVA3three
>*

  local -a keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(1 2 3)
  keyvalarray+=([1]+=a [2]=b)
  print $keyvalarray
0:Append to element(s) of array
>1a b 3

  (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
  local -a keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=(1 2 3)
  keyvalarray+=([0]+=a [1]=b)
  print ${keyvalarray[*]})
0:Append to element(s) of array with KSH_ARRAYS
>1a b 3

  local -A keyvalhash
  keyvalhash=([a]=a [b]=b [c]=c)
  keyvalhash+=([a]+=yee [b]=ee)
  local key val
  for key in "${(ok)keyvalhash[@]}"; do
    val=${keyvalhash[$key]}
    print -r -- $key $val
  done
0:Append to element(s) of associative array
>a ayee
>b ee
>c c

  local -a keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=([1]=who [2]=anyway [1]+=is [1]+=that [1]+=mysterious [1]+=man)
  print -rl -- "${keyvalarray[@]}"
0:Append to element of array on creation
>whoisthatmysteriousman
>anyway

  (setopt KSH_ARRAYS
  local -a keyvalarray
  keyvalarray=([0]=who [1]=anyway [0]+=is [0]+=that [0]+=mysterious [0]+=man)
  print -rl -- "${keyvalarray[@]}")
0:Append to element of array on creation with KSH_ARRAYS
>whoisthatmysteriousman
>anyway

  local -A keyvalhash
  keyvalhash=([one]=hows [one]+=your [one]+=father [one]+=today)
  print -rl -- ${(kv)keyvalhash}
0:Append to element of associative array on creation
>one
>howsyourfathertoday

  local b=$'a+=(${(o)$(ls -1 \'.*\' | perl -alne \'\nEND{ print " "; }\'\n)})'
  printf ': %s\n' "${(@Z+cn+)b}"
0:(Z) flag splitting with $( closed after embedded newline
>: a+=(
>: ${(o)$(ls -1 '.*' | perl -alne '
>END{ print " "; }'
>)}
>: )

  local b=$'# \' single\n# \" double\n# ` backtick\nword'
  (setopt CSH_JUNKIE_QUOTES
  printf ': %s\n' "${(@Z+n+)b}")
0:(z) flag with CSH_JUNKIE_QUOTES
>: #
>: ' single
>: #
>: " double
>: #
>: ` backtick
>: word

#' (to deconfuse emacs shell script mode)

  (
    setopt KSH_ARRAYS
    typeset -A ksh_assoc
    print ${+assoc[unset]}
  )
0:Use of parameter subst + to test element of hash with KSH_ARRAYS.
>0

 for baz in "" "inga"; do
   echo ${#${baz}} "${#${baz}}" ${#baz} "${#baz}"
 done
0:double-quoted nested evaluation of empty string
>0 0 0 0
>4 4 4 4

  () {
    local -a x
    : <<< ${(F)x/y}
  }
0:Separation / join logic regression test

  testpath=/one/two/three/four
  for (( i = 0; i <= 6; ++i )); do
    eval "print \$testpath:t$i"
    eval "print \${testpath:t$i}"
  done
0:t with trailing digits
>four0
>four
>four1
>four
>four2
>three/four
>four3
>two/three/four
>four4
>one/two/three/four
>four5
>/one/two/three/four
>four6
>/one/two/three/four

  testpath=/one/two/three/four
  for (( i = 0; i <= 6; ++i )); do
    eval "print \$testpath:h$i"
    eval "print \${testpath:h$i}"
  done
0:h with trailing digits
>/one/two/three0
>/one/two/three
>/one/two/three1
>/
>/one/two/three2
>/one
>/one/two/three3
>/one/two
>/one/two/three4
>/one/two/three
>/one/two/three5
>/one/two/three/four
>/one/two/three6
>/one/two/three/four

  testpath=/a/quite/long/path/to/do/messy/stuff/with
  print $testpath:h2:t3:h5:t16:h2n2
  print ${testpath:t5:h2}
  print ${testpath:t5:h2:t}
  print ${testpath:h6:t4:h3:t2:h}
  print ${testpath:h10:t10:t6:h3}
  print ${testpath:t9:h}
  print ${testpath:t9:h:t}
0:Combinations of :h and :t with and without trailing digits
>/a/quite/long/path/to/do/messy/stuff2:t3:h5:t16:h2n2
>to/do
>do
>long
>path/to/do
>a/quite/long/path/to/do/messy/stuff
>stuff

 testpath=///this//has////lots//and////lots//of////slashes
 print ${testpath:h3}
 print ${testpath:t4}
0:Multiple slashes are treated as one in :h and :t but are not removed
>///this//has
>and////lots//of////slashes

 testpath=trailing/slashes/are/removed///
 print ${testpath:h}
 print ${testpath:h2}
 print ${testpath:t}
 print ${testpath:t2}
0:Modifiers :h and :t remove trailing slashes before examining path
>trailing/slashes/are
>trailing/slashes
>removed
>are/removed

 foo=global-value
 fn() {
    local foo=function-value
    foo=export-value true
    print $foo
 }
 fn
 print $foo
0:Global variables are not trashed by "foo=bar builtin" (regression test)
>function-value
>global-value

 foo=pws
 print ${foo%*}
0:Smallest match at end can match zero-length string
>pws

 foo=pws
 print ${foo%?}
0:Smallest match at end with a character always matches one
>pw

 setopt extendedglob
 foo=pws
 print ${foo%s#}
 print ${foo%%s#}
0:Smallest / largest match with non-trivial closure
>pws
>pw

 foo=pws
 print ${foo%%*}
0:Largest match at end matches entire string
>

 foo=pws
 print 1: ${(S)foo#*}
 print 2: ${(S)foo##*}
 print 3: ${(S)foo#?}
 print 4: ${(S)foo##?}
0:(S) with zero-length matches at start
>1: pws
>2:
>3: ws
>4: ws

 foo=pws
 print 2: ${(S)foo%%*}
0:(S) with zero-length matches at end, part 1 (workers/45164)
>2: pws

 foo=pws
 print 1: ${(S)foo%*}
 print 3: ${(S)foo%?}
 print 4: ${(S)foo%%?}
0:(S) with zero-length matches at end, part 2
>1: pws
>3: pw
>4: pw