manual/9838

1 files changed, 1135 insertions, 1478 deletions

diff --git a/Src/parse.c b/Src/parse.c
index 8d72b4826..2351b1501 100644
--- a/Src/parse.c
+++ b/Src/parse.c
@@ -28,182 +28,6 @@
  */
 
 #include "zsh.mdh"
-
-/********************************/
-/* Definitions for syntax trees */
-/********************************/
-
-typedef struct cond      *Cond;
-typedef struct cmd       *Cmd;
-typedef struct pline     *Pline;
-typedef struct sublist   *Sublist;
-typedef struct list      *List;
-typedef struct forcmd    *Forcmd;
-typedef struct autofn    *AutoFn;
-typedef struct varasg    *Varasg;
-
-
-/* struct list, struct sublist, struct pline, etc.  all fit the form *
- * of this structure and are used interchangably. The ptrs may hold  *
- * integers or pointers, depending on the type of the node.          */
-
-/* Generic node structure for syntax trees */
-struct node {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-};
-
-#define N_LIST    0
-#define N_SUBLIST 1
-#define N_PLINE   2
-#define N_CMD     3
-#define N_REDIR   4
-#define N_COND    5
-#define N_FOR     6
-#define N_CASE    7
-#define N_IF      8
-#define N_WHILE   9
-#define N_VARASG 10
-#define N_AUTOFN 11
-#define N_COUNT  12
-
-/* values for types[4] */
-
-#define NT_EMPTY 0
-#define NT_NODE  1
-#define NT_STR   2
-#define NT_PAT   3
-#define NT_LIST  4
-#define NT_ARR   8
-
-#define NT_TYPE(T) ((T) & 0xff)
-#define NT_N(T, N) (((T) >> (8 + (N) * 4)) & 0xf)
-#define NT_SET(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) \
-    ((T0) | ((T1) << 8) | ((T2) << 12) | ((T3) << 16) | ((T4) << 20))
-
-/* tree element for lists */
-
-struct list {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;
-    Sublist left;
-    List right;
-};
-
-/* tree element for sublists */
-
-struct sublist {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;
-    int flags;			/* see PFLAGs below */
-    Pline left;
-    Sublist right;
-};
-
-#define ORNEXT  10		/* || */
-#define ANDNEXT 11		/* && */
-
-#define PFLAG_NOT     1		/* ! ... */
-#define PFLAG_COPROC 32		/* coproc ... */
-
-/* tree element for pipes */
-
-struct pline {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;
-    Cmd left;
-    Pline right;
-};
-
-#define END	0		/* pnode *right is null                     */
-#define PIPE	1		/* pnode *right is the rest of the pipeline */
-
-/* tree element for commands */
-
-struct cmd {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;
-    int flags;			/* see CFLAGs below             */
-    int lineno;			/* lineno of script for command */
-    union {
-	List list;		/* for SUBSH/CURSH/SHFUNC       */
-	Forcmd forcmd;
-	struct casecmd *casecmd;
-	struct ifcmd *ifcmd;
-	struct whilecmd *whilecmd;
-	Sublist pline;
-	Cond cond;
-	AutoFn autofn;
-	void *generic;
-    } u;
-    LinkList args;		/* command & argmument List (char *'s)   */
-    LinkList redir;		/* i/o redirections (struct redir *'s)   */
-    LinkList vars;		/* param assignments (struct varasg *'s) */
-};
-
-/* cmd types */
-#define SIMPLE   0
-#define SUBSH    1
-#define CURSH    2
-#define ZCTIME   3
-#define FUNCDEF  4
-#define CFOR     5
-#define CWHILE   6
-#define CREPEAT  7
-#define CIF      8
-#define CCASE    9
-#define CSELECT 10
-#define COND    11
-#define CARITH  12
-
-/* tree element for conditionals */
-
-struct cond {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;		/* can be cond_type, or a single */
-			/* letter (-a, -b, ...)          */
-    void *left, *right;
-};
-
-struct forcmd {			/* for/select */
-/* Cmd->args contains list of words to loop thru */
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int inflag;			/* if there is an in ... clause       */
-    char *name;			/* initializer or parameter name      */
-    char *condition;		/* arithmetic terminating condition   */
-    char *advance;		/* evaluated after each loop          */
-    List list;			/* list to look through for each name */
-};
-
-struct casecmd {
-/* Cmd->args contains word to test */
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    char **pats;		/* pattern strings */
-    List *lists;		/* list to execute */
-};
-
-struct ifcmd {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    List *ifls;
-    List *thenls;
-};
-
-struct whilecmd {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int cond;			/* 0 for while, 1 for until            */
-    List cont;			/* condition                           */
-    List loop;			/* list to execute until condition met */
-};
-
-/* variable assignment tree element */
-
-struct varasg {
-    int ntype;			/* node type */
-    int type;			/* nonzero means array                   */
-    char *name;
-    char *str;			/* should've been a union here.  oh well */
-    LinkList arr;
-};
-
 #include "parse.pro"
 
 /* != 0 if we are about to read a command word */
@@ -241,40 +65,343 @@ int infor;
 /**/
 struct heredocs *hdocs;
  
-/* used in arrays of lists instead of NULL pointers */
- 
-/**/
-static struct list dummy_list;
 
-#define YYERROR  { tok = LEXERR; return NULL; }
-#define YYERRORV { tok = LEXERR; return; }
+#define YYERROR(O)  { tok = LEXERR; ecused = (O); return 0; }
+#define YYERRORV(O) { tok = LEXERR; ecused = (O); return; }
 #define COND_ERROR(X,Y) do { \
   zwarn(X,Y,0); \
   herrflush(); \
   if (noerrs != 2) \
     errflag = 1; \
-  YYERROR \
+  YYERROR(ecused) \
 } while(0)
 
-#define make_list()     allocnode(sizeof(struct list), N_LIST)
-#define make_sublist()  allocnode(sizeof(struct sublist), N_SUBLIST)
-#define make_pline()    allocnode(sizeof(struct pline), N_PLINE)
-#define make_cmd()      allocnode(sizeof(struct cmd), N_CMD)
-#define make_forcmd()   allocnode(sizeof(struct forcmd), N_FOR)
-#define make_casecmd()  allocnode(sizeof(struct casecmd), N_CASE)
-#define make_ifcmd()    allocnode(sizeof(struct ifcmd), N_IF)
-#define make_whilecmd() allocnode(sizeof(struct whilecmd), N_WHILE)
-#define make_varnode()  allocnode(sizeof(struct varasg), N_VARASG)
-#define make_cond()     allocnode(sizeof(struct cond), N_COND)
-
-static void *
-allocnode(size_t s, int t)
+
+/* 
+ * Word code.
+ *
+ * For now we simply post-process the syntax tree produced by the
+ * parser. We compile it into a struct eprog. Some day the parser
+ * above should be changed to emit the word code directly.
+ *
+ * Word code layout:
+ *
+ *   WC_END
+ *     - end of program code
+ *
+ *   WC_LIST
+ *     - data contains type (sync, ...)
+ *     - follwed by code for this list
+ *     - if not (type & Z_END), followed by next WC_LIST
+ *
+ *   WC_SUBLIST
+ *     - data contains type (&&, ||, END) and flags (coprog, not)
+ *     - followed by code for sublist
+ *     - if not (type == END), followed by next WC_SUBLIST
+ *
+ *   WC_PIPE
+ *     - data contains type (end, mid) and LINENO
+ *     - if not (type == END), followed by offset to next WC_PIPE
+ *     - followed by command
+ *     - if not (type == END), followed by next WC_PIPE
+ *
+ *   WC_REDIR
+ *     - must precede command-code (or WC_ASSIGN)
+ *     - data contains type (<, >, ...)
+ *     - followed by fd1 and name from struct redir
+ *
+ *   WC_ASSIGN
+ *     - data contains type (scalar, array) and number of array-elements
+ *     - followed by name and value
+ *
+ *   WC_SIMPLE
+ *     - data contains the number of arguments (plus command)
+ *     - followed by strings
+ *
+ *   WC_SUBSH
+ *     - data unused
+ *     - followed by list
+ *
+ *   WC_CURSH
+ *     - data unused
+ *     - followed by list
+ *
+ *   WC_TIMED
+ *     - data contains type (followed by pipe or not)
+ *     - if (type == PIPE), followed by pipe
+ *
+ *   WC_FUNCDEF
+ *     - data contains offset to after body-strings
+ *     - followed by number of names
+ *     - followed by names
+ *     - followed by number of codes for body
+ *     - followed by number of patterns for body
+ *     - follwoed by codes for body
+ *     - followed by strings for body
+ *
+ *   WC_FOR
+ *     - data contains type (list, ...) and offset to after body
+ *     - if (type == COND), followed by init, cond, advance expressions
+ *     - else if (type == PPARAM), followed by param name
+ *     - else if (type == LIST), followed by param name, num strings, strings
+ *     - followed by body
+ *
+ *   WC_SELECT
+ *     - data contains type (list, ...) and offset to after body
+ *     - if (type == PPARAM), followed by param name
+ *     - else if (type == LIST), followed by param name, num strings, strings
+ *     - followed by body
+ *
+ *   WC_WHILE
+ *     - data contains type (while, until) and ofsset to after body
+ *     - followed by condition
+ *     - followed by body
+ *
+ *   WC_REPEAT
+ *     - data contains offset to after body
+ *     - followed by number-string
+ *     - followed by body
+ *
+ *   WC_CASE
+ *     - first CASE is always of type HEAD, data contains offset to esac
+ *     - after that CASEs of type OR (;;) and AND (;&), data is offset to
+ *       next case
+ *     - each OR/AND case is followed by pattern, pattern-number, list
+ *
+ *   WC_IF
+ *     - first IF is of type HEAD, data contains offset to fi
+ *     - after that IFs of type IF, ELIF, ELSE, data is offset to next
+ *     - each non-HEAD is followed by condition (only IF, ELIF) and body
+ *
+ *   WC_COND
+ *     - data contains type
+ *     - if (type == AND/OR), data contains offset to after this one,
+ *       followed by two CONDs
+ *     - else if (type == NOT), followed by COND
+ *     - else if (type == MOD), followed by name and strings
+ *     - else if (type == MODI), followed by name, left, right
+ *     - else if (type == STR[N]EQ), followed by left, right, pattern-number
+ *     - else if (has two args) followed by left, right
+ *     - else followed by string
+ *
+ *   WC_ARITH
+ *     - followed by string (there's only one)
+ *
+ *   WC_AUTOFN
+ *     - only used by the autoload builtin
+ *
+ * Lists and sublists may also be simplified, indicated by the presence
+ * of the Z_SIMPLE or WC_SUBLIST_SIMPLE flags. In this case they are only
+ * followed by a slot containing the line number, not by a WC_SUBLIST or
+ * WC_PIPE, respectively. The real advantage of simplified lists and
+ * sublists is that they can be executed faster, see exec.c. In the
+ * parser, the test if a list can be simplified is done quite simply
+ * by passing a int* around which gets set to non-zero if the thing
+ * just parsed is `complex', i.e. may need to be run by forking or 
+ * some such.
+ *
+ * In each of the above, strings are encoded as one word code. For empty
+ * strings this is the bit pattern 11x, the lowest bit is non-zero if the
+ * string contains tokens and zero otherwise (this is true for the other
+ * ways to encode strings, too). For short strings (one to three
+ * characters), this is the marker 01x with the 24 bits above that
+ * containing the characters. Longer strings are encoded as the offset
+ * into the strs character array stored in the eprog struct shifted by
+ * two and ored with the bit pattern 0x.
+ * The ecstr() function that adds the code for a string uses a simple
+ * list of strings already added so that long strings are encoded only
+ * once.
+ *
+ * Note also that in the eprog struct the pattern, code, and string
+ * arrays all point to the same memory block.
+ *
+ *
+ * To make things even faster in future versions, we could not only 
+ * test if the strings contain tokens, but instead what kind of
+ * expansions need to be done on strings. In the execution code we
+ * could then use these flags for a specialized version of prefork()
+ * to avoid a lot of string parsing and some more string duplication.
+ */
+
+/**/
+int eclen, ecused, ecfree, ecnpats;
+/**/
+Wordcode ecbuf;
+/**/
+Eccstr ecstrs;
+/**/
+int ecsoffs;
+
+/* Make at least n bytes free (aligned to sizeof(wordcode)). */
+
+static int
+ecspace(int n)
 {
-    struct node *r = (struct node *) hcalloc(s);
+    n = (n + sizeof(wordcode) - 1) / sizeof(wordcode);
 
-    r->ntype = t;
+    if (ecfree < n) {
+	int a = (n > 256 ? n : 256);
 
-    return (void *) r;
+	ecbuf = (Wordcode) hrealloc((char *) ecbuf, eclen * sizeof(wordcode),
+				    (eclen + a) * sizeof(wordcode));
+	eclen += a;
+	ecfree += a;
+    }
+    ecused += n;
+    ecfree -= n;
+
+    return ecused - 1;
+}
+
+/* Insert n free code-slots at position p. */
+
+static void
+ecispace(int p, int n)
+{
+    int m;
+
+    if (ecfree < n) {
+	int a = (n > 256 ? n : 256);
+
+	ecbuf = (Wordcode) hrealloc((char *) ecbuf, eclen * sizeof(wordcode),
+				    (eclen + a) * sizeof(wordcode));
+	eclen += a;
+	ecfree += a;
+    }
+    if ((m = ecused - p) > 0)
+	memmove(ecbuf + p + n, ecbuf + p, m * sizeof(wordcode));
+    ecused += n;
+}
+
+/* Add one wordcode. */
+
+static int
+ecadd(wordcode c)
+{
+    if (ecfree < 1) {
+	ecbuf = (Wordcode) hrealloc((char *) ecbuf, eclen * sizeof(wordcode),
+				    (eclen + 256) * sizeof(wordcode));
+	eclen += 256;
+	ecfree += 256;
+    }
+    ecbuf[ecused] = c;
+    ecused++;
+    ecfree--;
+
+    return ecused - 1;
+}
+
+/* Delete a wordcode. */
+
+static void
+ecdel(int p)
+{
+    int n = ecused - p - 1;
+
+    if (n > 0)
+	memmove(ecbuf + p, ecbuf + p + 1, n * sizeof(wordcode));
+    ecused--;
+}
+
+/* Build the wordcode for a string. */
+
+static wordcode
+ecstrcode(char *s)
+{
+    int l, t = has_token(s);
+
+    if ((l = strlen(s) + 1) && l <= 4) {
+	wordcode c = (t ? 3 : 2);
+	switch (l) {
+	case 4: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[2])) << 19;
+	case 3: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[1])) << 11;
+	case 2: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[0])) <<  3; break;
+	case 1: c = (t ? 7 : 6); break;
+	}
+	return c;
+    } else {
+	Eccstr p, q = NULL;
+
+	for (p = ecstrs; p; q = p, p = p->next)
+	    if (!strcmp(s, p->str))
+		return p->offs;
+
+	p = (Eccstr) zhalloc(sizeof(*p));
+	p->next = NULL;
+	if (q)
+	    q->next = p;
+	else
+	    ecstrs = p;
+	p->offs = (ecsoffs << 2) | (t ? 1 : 0);
+	p->str = s;
+	ecsoffs += l;
+
+	return p->offs;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ecstr(char *s)
+{
+    return ecadd(ecstrcode(s));
+}
+
+
+#define par_save_list(C) \
+    do { \
+        int eu = ecused; \
+        par_list(C); \
+        if (eu == ecused) ecadd(WCB_END()); \
+    } while (0)
+#define par_save_list1(C) \
+    do { \
+        int eu = ecused; \
+        par_list1(C); \
+        if (eu == ecused) ecadd(WCB_END()); \
+    } while (0)
+
+
+/* Initialise wordcode buffer. */
+
+static void
+init_parse(void)
+{
+    ecbuf = (Wordcode) zhalloc((eclen = ecfree = 256) * sizeof(wordcode));
+    ecused = 0;
+    ecstrs = NULL;
+    ecsoffs = ecnpats = 0;
+}
+
+/* Build eprog. */
+
+static Eprog
+bld_eprog(void)
+{
+    Eprog ret;
+    Eccstr p;
+    char *q;
+    int l;
+
+    ecadd(WCB_END());
+
+    ret = (Eprog) zhalloc(sizeof(*ret));
+    ret->len = ((ecnpats * sizeof(Patprog)) +
+		(ecused * sizeof(wordcode)) +
+		ecsoffs);
+    ret->npats = ecnpats;
+    ret->pats = (Patprog *) zhalloc(ret->len);
+    ret->prog = (Wordcode) (ret->pats + ecnpats);
+    ret->strs = (char *) (ret->prog + ecused);
+    ret->shf = NULL;
+    ret->heap = 1;
+    for (l = 0; l < ecnpats; l++)
+	ret->pats[l] = dummy_patprog1;
+    memcpy(ret->prog, ecbuf, ecused * sizeof(wordcode));
+    for (p = ecstrs, q = ret->strs; p; p = p->next, q += l) {
+	l = strlen(p->str) + 1;
+	memcpy(q, p->str, l);
+    }
+    return ret;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -282,102 +409,138 @@ allocnode(size_t s, int t)
  *			| SEPER
  *			| sublist [ SEPER | AMPER | AMPERBANG ]
  */
+
 /**/
 Eprog
 parse_event(void)
 {
-    List ret;
     tok = ENDINPUT;
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
-    return ((ret = par_event()) ? execompile(ret) : NULL);
+    init_parse();
+    return ((par_event()) ? bld_eprog() : NULL);
 }
 
 /**/
-static List
+static int
 par_event(void)
 {
-    Sublist sl;
-    List l = NULL;
+    int r = 0, p, c = 0;
 
     while (tok == SEPER) {
 	if (isnewlin > 0)
-	    return NULL;
+	    return 0;
 	yylex();
     }
     if (tok == ENDINPUT)
-	return NULL;
-    if ((sl = par_sublist())) {
+	return 0;
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+
+    if (par_sublist(&c)) {
 	if (tok == ENDINPUT) {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->type = Z_SYNC;
-	    l->left = sl;
+	    set_list_code(p, Z_SYNC, c);
+	    r = 1;
 	} else if (tok == SEPER) {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->type = Z_SYNC;
-	    l->left = sl;
+	    set_list_code(p, Z_SYNC, c);
 	    if (isnewlin <= 0)
 		yylex();
+	    r = 1;
 	} else if (tok == AMPER) {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->type = Z_ASYNC;
-	    l->left = sl;
+	    set_list_code(p, Z_ASYNC, c);
 	    yylex();
+	    r = 1;
 	} else if (tok == AMPERBANG) {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->type = Z_ASYNC | Z_DISOWN;
-	    l->left = sl;
+	    set_list_code(p, (Z_ASYNC | Z_DISOWN), c);
 	    yylex();
-	} else
-	    l = NULL;
+	    r = 1;
+	}
     }
-    if (!l) {
+    if (!r) {
 	if (errflag) {
 	    yyerror(0);
-	    return NULL;
+	    ecused--;
+	    return 0;
 	}
 	yyerror(1);
 	herrflush();
 	if (noerrs != 2)
 	    errflag = 1;
-	return NULL;
+	ecused--;
+	return 0;
     } else {
-	l->right = par_event();
+	int oec = ecused;
+
+	par_event();
+	if (ecused == oec)
+	    ecbuf[p] |= wc_bdata(Z_END);
     }
-    return l;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /**/
 mod_export Eprog
 parse_list(void)
 {
-    List ret;
+    int c = 0;
 
     tok = ENDINPUT;
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
-    ret = par_list();
-#if 0
-    if (tok == LEXERR)
+    init_parse();
+    par_list(&c);
+#if 0 
+   if (tok == LEXERR)
 #endif
-    if (tok != ENDINPUT)
-    {
+   if (tok != ENDINPUT) {
 	yyerror(0);
 	return NULL;
     }
-    return execompile(ret);
+    return bld_eprog();
 }
 
 /**/
 mod_export Eprog
 parse_cond(void)
 {
-    Cond c = par_cond();
+    init_parse();
 
-    if (!c)
+    if (!par_cond())
 	return NULL;
 
-    return execompile((List) c);
+    return bld_eprog();
+}
+
+/* This adds a list wordcode. The important bit about this is that it also
+ * tries to optimise this to a Z_SIMPLE list code. */
+
+/**/
+static void
+set_list_code(int p, int type, int complex)
+{
+    if (!complex && (type == Z_SYNC || type == (Z_SYNC | Z_END)) &&
+	WC_SUBLIST_TYPE(ecbuf[p + 1]) == WC_SUBLIST_END) {
+	int ispipe = !(WC_SUBLIST_FLAGS(ecbuf[p + 1]) & WC_SUBLIST_SIMPLE);
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_LIST((type | Z_SIMPLE), ecused - 2 - p);
+	ecdel(p + 1);
+	if (ispipe)
+	    ecbuf[p + 1] = WC_PIPE_LINENO(ecbuf[p + 1]);
+    } else
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_LIST(type, 0);
+}
+
+/* The same for sublists. */
+
+/**/
+static void
+set_sublist_code(int p, int type, int flags, int skip, int complex)
+{
+    if (complex)
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_SUBLIST(type, flags, skip);
+    else {
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_SUBLIST(type, (flags | WC_SUBLIST_SIMPLE), skip);
+	ecbuf[p + 1] = WC_PIPE_LINENO(ecbuf[p + 1]);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -385,47 +548,60 @@ parse_cond(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static List
-par_list(void)
+static int
+par_list(int *complex)
 {
-    Sublist sl;
-    List l = NULL;
+    int p, lp = -1, c;
+
+ rec:
 
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
-    if ((sl = par_sublist())) {
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+    c = 0;
+
+    if (par_sublist(&c)) {
+	*complex |= c;
 	if (tok == SEPER || tok == AMPER || tok == AMPERBANG) {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->left = sl;
-	    l->type = (tok == SEPER) ? Z_SYNC :
-		(tok == AMPER) ? Z_ASYNC : Z_ASYNC | Z_DISOWN;
+	    if (tok != SEPER)
+		*complex = 1;
+	    set_list_code(p, ((tok == SEPER) ? Z_SYNC :
+			      (tok == AMPER) ? Z_ASYNC :
+			      (Z_ASYNC | Z_DISOWN)), c);
 	    incmdpos = 1;
 	    do {
 		yylex();
 	    } while (tok == SEPER);
-	    l->right = par_list();
-	} else {
-	    l = (List) make_list();
-	    l->left = sl;
-	    l->type = Z_SYNC;
+	    lp = p;
+	    goto rec;
+	} else
+	    set_list_code(p, (Z_SYNC | Z_END), c);
+	return 1;
+    } else {
+	ecused--;
+	if (lp >= 0) {
+	    ecbuf[lp] |= wc_bdata(Z_END);
+	    return 1;
 	}
+	return 0;
     }
-    return l;
 }
 
 /**/
-static List
-par_list1(void)
+static int
+par_list1(int *complex)
 {
-    Sublist sl;
-    List l = NULL;
+    int p = ecadd(0), c = 0;
 
-    if ((sl = par_sublist())) {
-	l = (List) make_list();
-	l->type = Z_SYNC;
-	l->left = sl;
+    if (par_sublist(&c)) {
+	set_list_code(p, (Z_SYNC | Z_END), c);
+	*complex |= c;
+	return 1;
+    } else {
+	ecused--;
+	return 0;
     }
-    return l;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -433,24 +609,37 @@ par_list1(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Sublist
-par_sublist(void)
+static int
+par_sublist(int *complex)
 {
-    Sublist sl;
+    int f, p, c = 0;
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
 
-    if ((sl = par_sublist2()))
+    if ((f = par_sublist2(&c)) != -1) {
+	int e = ecused;
+
+	*complex |= c;
 	if (tok == DBAR || tok == DAMPER) {
-	    int qtok = tok;
+	    int qtok = tok, sl;
 
 	    cmdpush(tok == DBAR ? CS_CMDOR : CS_CMDAND);
 	    yylex();
 	    while (tok == SEPER)
 		yylex();
-	    sl->right = par_sublist();
-	    sl->type = (qtok == DBAR) ? ORNEXT : ANDNEXT;
+	    sl = par_sublist(complex);
+	    set_sublist_code(p, (sl ? (qtok == DBAR ?
+				       WC_SUBLIST_OR : WC_SUBLIST_AND) :
+				 WC_SUBLIST_END),
+			     f, (e - 1 - p), c);
 	    cmdpop();
-	}
-    return sl;
+	} else
+	    set_sublist_code(p, WC_SUBLIST_END, f, (e - 1 - p), c);
+	return 1;
+    } else {
+	ecused--;
+	return 0;
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -458,24 +647,24 @@ par_sublist(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Sublist
-par_sublist2(void)
+static int
+par_sublist2(int *complex)
 {
-    Sublist sl;
-    Pline p;
+    int f = 0;
 
-    sl = (Sublist) make_sublist();
     if (tok == COPROC) {
-	sl->flags |= PFLAG_COPROC;
+	*complex = 1;
+	f |= WC_SUBLIST_COPROC;
 	yylex();
     } else if (tok == BANG) {
-	sl->flags |= PFLAG_NOT;
+	*complex = 1;
+	f |= WC_SUBLIST_NOT;
 	yylex();
     }
-    if (!(p = par_pline()) && !sl->flags)
-	return NULL;
-    sl->left = p;
-    return sl;
+    if (!par_pline(complex) && !f)
+	return -1;
+
+    return f;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -483,51 +672,52 @@ par_sublist2(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Pline
-par_pline(void)
+static int
+par_pline(int *complex)
 {
-    Cmd c;
-    Pline p, p2;
+    int p, line = lineno;
 
-    if (!(c = par_cmd()))
-	return NULL;
+    p = ecadd(0);
+
+    if (!par_cmd(complex)) {
+	ecused--;
+	return 0;
+    }
     if (tok == BAR) {
+	*complex = 1;
 	cmdpush(CS_PIPE);
 	yylex();
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    yylex();
-	p2 = par_pline();
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_PIPE(WC_PIPE_MID, (line >= 0 ? line + 1 : 0));
+	ecispace(p + 1, 1);
+	ecbuf[p + 1] = ecused - 1 - p;
+	par_pline(complex);
 	cmdpop();
-	p = (Pline) make_pline();
-	p->left = c;
-	p->right = p2;
-	p->type = PIPE;
-	return p;
+	return 1;
     } else if (tok == BARAMP) {
-	struct redir *rdr = (struct redir *)
-	    allocnode(sizeof(struct redir), N_REDIR);
+	int r;
+
+	for (r = p + 1; wc_code(ecbuf[r]) == WC_REDIR; r += 3);
 
-	rdr->type = MERGEOUT;
-	rdr->fd1 = 2;
-	rdr->name = dupstring("1");
-	if (!c->redir)
-	    c->redir = newlinklist();
-	addlinknode(c->redir, rdr);
+	ecispace(r, 3);
+	p += 3;
+	ecbuf[r] = WCB_REDIR(MERGEOUT);
+	ecbuf[r + 1] = 2;
+	ecbuf[r + 2] = ecstrcode("1");
 
+	*complex = 1;
 	cmdpush(CS_ERRPIPE);
 	yylex();
-	p2 = par_pline();
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_PIPE(WC_PIPE_MID, (line >= 0 ? line + 1 : 0));
+	ecispace(p + 1, 1);
+	ecbuf[p + 1] = ecused - 1 - p;
+	par_pline(complex);
 	cmdpop();
-	p = (Pline) make_pline();
-	p->left = c;
-	p->right = p2;
-	p->type = PIPE;
-	return p;
+	return 1;
     } else {
-	p = (Pline) make_pline();
-	p->left = c;
-	p->type = END;
-	return p;
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_PIPE(WC_PIPE_END, (line >= 0 ? line + 1 : 0));
+	return 1;
     }
 }
 
@@ -537,105 +727,116 @@ par_pline(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Cmd
-par_cmd(void)
+static int
+par_cmd(int *complex)
 {
-    Cmd c;
+    int r, nr = 0;
+
+    r = ecused;
 
-    c = (Cmd) make_cmd();
-    c->lineno = lineno;
-    c->args = NULL;
-    c->vars = NULL;
     if (IS_REDIROP(tok)) {
-	c->redir = newlinklist();
-	while (IS_REDIROP(tok))
-	    par_redir(c->redir);
-    } else
-	c->redir = NULL;
+	*complex = 1;
+	while (IS_REDIROP(tok)) {
+	    nr++;
+	    par_redir(&r);
+	}
+    }
     switch (tok) {
     case FOR:
 	cmdpush(CS_FOR);
-	par_for(c);
+	par_for(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case FOREACH:
 	cmdpush(CS_FOREACH);
-	par_for(c);
+	par_for(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case SELECT:
+	*complex = 1;
 	cmdpush(CS_SELECT);
-	par_for(c);
+	par_for(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case CASE:
 	cmdpush(CS_CASE);
-	par_case(c);
+	par_case(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case IF:
-	par_if(c);
+	par_if(complex);
 	break;
     case WHILE:
 	cmdpush(CS_WHILE);
-	par_while(c);
+	par_while(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case UNTIL:
 	cmdpush(CS_UNTIL);
-	par_while(c);
+	par_while(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case REPEAT:
 	cmdpush(CS_REPEAT);
-	par_repeat(c);
+	par_repeat(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case INPAR:
+	*complex = 1;
 	cmdpush(CS_SUBSH);
-	par_subsh(c);
+	par_subsh(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case INBRACE:
 	cmdpush(CS_CURSH);
-	par_subsh(c);
+	par_subsh(complex);
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case FUNC:
 	cmdpush(CS_FUNCDEF);
-	par_funcdef(c);
+	par_funcdef();
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case TIME:
-	par_time(c);
+	*complex = 1;
+	par_time();
 	break;
     case DINBRACK:
 	cmdpush(CS_COND);
-	par_dinbrack(c);
+	par_dinbrack();
 	cmdpop();
 	break;
     case DINPAR:
-	c->type = CARITH;
-	if (!c->args)
-	    c->args = newlinklist();
-	addlinknode(c->args, tokstr);
+	ecadd(WCB_ARITH());
+	ecstr(tokstr);
 	yylex();
 	break;
     default:
-	if (!par_simple(c))
-	    return NULL;
+	{
+	    int sr;
+
+	    if (!(sr = par_simple(complex, nr))) {
+		if (!nr)
+		    return 0;
+	    } else {
+		/* Three codes per redirection. */
+		if (sr > 1) {
+		    *complex = 1;
+		    r += (sr - 1) * 3;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
 	break;
     }
     if (IS_REDIROP(tok)) {
-	if (!c->redir)
-	    c->redir = newlinklist();
+	*complex = 1;
 	while (IS_REDIROP(tok))
-	    par_redir(c->redir);
+	    par_redir(&r);
     }
     incmdpos = 1;
     incasepat = 0;
     incond = 0;
-    return c;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -646,86 +847,95 @@ par_cmd(void)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_for(Cmd c)
+par_for(int *complex)
 {
-    Forcmd f;
-    int csh = (tok == FOREACH);
+    int oecused = ecused, csh = (tok == FOREACH), p, sel = (tok == SELECT);
+    int type;
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
 
-    f = (Forcmd) make_forcmd();
-    c->type = (tok == SELECT) ? CSELECT : CFOR;
     incmdpos = 0;
     infor = tok == FOR ? 2 : 0;
     yylex();
     if (tok == DINPAR) {
 	yylex();
 	if (tok != DINPAR)
-	    YYERRORV;
-	f->name = tokstr;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
+	ecstr(tokstr);
 	yylex();
 	if (tok != DINPAR)
-	    YYERRORV;
-	f->condition = tokstr;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
+	ecstr(tokstr);
 	yylex();
 	if (tok != DOUTPAR)
-	    YYERRORV;
-	f->advance = tokstr;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
+	ecstr(tokstr);
 	infor = 0;
 	incmdpos = 1;
 	yylex();
+	type = WC_FOR_COND;
     } else {
 	infor = 0;
 	if (tok != STRING || !isident(tokstr))
-	    YYERRORV;
-	f->name = tokstr;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
+	ecstr(tokstr);
 	incmdpos = 1;
 	yylex();
 	if (tok == STRING && !strcmp(tokstr, "in")) {
-	    f->inflag = 1;
+	    int np, n;
+
 	    incmdpos = 0;
 	    yylex();
-	    if (!c->args)
-		c->args = newlinklist();
-	    c->args = par_wordlist();
+	    np = ecadd(0);
+	    n = par_wordlist();
 	    if (tok != SEPER)
-		YYERRORV;
+		YYERRORV(oecused);
+	    ecbuf[np] = n;
+	    type = (sel ? WC_SELECT_LIST : WC_FOR_LIST);
 	} else if (tok == INPAR) {
-	    f->inflag = 1;
+	    int np, n;
+
 	    incmdpos = 0;
 	    yylex();
-	    if (!c->args)
-		c->args = newlinklist();
-	    c->args = par_nl_wordlist();
+	    np = ecadd(0);
+	    n = par_nl_wordlist();
 	    if (tok != OUTPAR)
-		YYERRORV;
+		YYERRORV(oecused);
+	    ecbuf[np] = n;
 	    incmdpos = 1;
 	    yylex();
-	}
+	    type = (sel ? WC_SELECT_LIST : WC_FOR_LIST);
+	} else
+	    type = (sel ? WC_SELECT_PPARAM : WC_FOR_PPARAM);
     }
     incmdpos = 1;
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
     if (tok == DO) {
 	yylex();
-	f->list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != DONE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (tok == INBRACE) {
 	yylex();
-	f->list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != OUTBRACE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (csh || isset(CSHJUNKIELOOPS)) {
-	f->list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != ZEND)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (unset(SHORTLOOPS)) {
-	YYERRORV;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     } else
-	f->list = par_list1();
-    c->u.forcmd = f;
+	par_save_list1(complex);
+
+    ecbuf[p] = (sel ?
+		WCB_SELECT(type, ecused - 1 - p) :
+		WCB_FOR(type, ecused - 1 - p));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -737,35 +947,29 @@ par_for(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_case(Cmd c)
+par_case(int *complex)
 {
-    int brflag;
-    LinkList pats, lists;
-    int n = 1;
-    char **pp;
-    List *ll;
-    LinkNode no;
-    struct casecmd *cc;
-
-    c->type = CCASE;
+    int oecused = ecused, brflag, p, pp, n = 1, type;
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+
     incmdpos = 0;
     yylex();
     if (tok != STRING)
-	YYERRORV;
-    pats = newlinklist();
-    addlinknode(pats, tokstr);
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
+    ecstr(tokstr);
+
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
     if (!(tok == STRING && !strcmp(tokstr, "in")) && tok != INBRACE)
-	YYERRORV;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     brflag = (tok == INBRACE);
     incasepat = 1;
     incmdpos = 0;
     yylex();
-    cc = c->u.casecmd = (struct casecmd *)make_casecmd();
-    lists = newlinklist();
+
     for (;;) {
 	char *str;
 
@@ -774,14 +978,13 @@ par_case(Cmd c)
 	if (tok == OUTBRACE)
 	    break;
 	if (tok != STRING)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	if (!strcmp(tokstr, "esac"))
 	    break;
-	str = ncalloc(strlen(tokstr) + 2);
-	*str = ';';
-	strcpy(str + 1, tokstr);
+	str = dupstring(tokstr);
 	incasepat = 0;
 	incmdpos = 1;
+	type = WC_CASE_OR;
 	for (;;) {
 	    yylex();
 	    if (tok == OUTPAR) {
@@ -803,12 +1006,12 @@ par_case(Cmd c)
 	    } else {
 		int sl = strlen(str);
 
-		if (str[sl - 1] != Bar) {
+		if (!sl || str[sl - 1] != Bar) {
 		    /* POSIX allows (foo*) patterns */
 		    int pct;
 		    char *s;
 
-		    for (s = str + 1, pct = 0; *s; s++) {
+		    for (s = str, pct = 0; *s; s++) {
 			if (*s == Inpar)
 			    pct++;
 			if (!pct)
@@ -819,26 +1022,26 @@ par_case(Cmd c)
 				    chuck(s+1);
 			    if (*s == Bar || *s == Outpar)
 				while (iblank(s[-1]) &&
-				       (s < str+2 || s[-2] != Meta))
+				       (s < str + 1 || s[-2] != Meta))
 				    chuck(--s);
 			}
 			if (*s == Outpar)
 			    pct--;
 		    }
-		    if (*s || pct || s == str + 1)
-			YYERRORV;
+		    if (*s || pct || s == str)
+			YYERRORV(oecused);
 		    /* Simplify pattern by removing surrounding (...) */
 		    sl = strlen(str);
-		    DPUTS(str[1] != Inpar || str[sl-1] != Outpar,
+		    DPUTS(*str != Inpar || str[sl - 1] != Outpar,
 			  "BUG: strange case pattern");
-		    str[sl-1] = '\0';
-		    chuck(str+1);
+		    str[sl - 1] = '\0';
+		    chuck(str);
 		    break;
 		} else {
 		    char *str2;
 
 		    if (tok != STRING)
-			YYERRORV;
+			YYERRORV(oecused);
 		    str2 = ncalloc(sl + strlen(tokstr) + 1);
 		    strcpy(str2, str);
 		    strcpy(str2 + sl, tokstr);
@@ -846,35 +1049,26 @@ par_case(Cmd c)
 		}
 	    }
 	}
-	addlinknode(pats, str);
-	addlinknode(lists, par_list());
+	pp = ecadd(0);
+	ecstr(str);
+	ecadd(ecnpats++);
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	n++;
+	if (tok == SEMIAMP)
+	    type = WC_CASE_AND;
+	ecbuf[pp] = WCB_CASE(type, ecused - 1 - pp);
 	if ((tok == ESAC && !brflag) || (tok == OUTBRACE && brflag))
 	    break;
-	if(tok == SEMIAMP)
-	    *str = '&';
-	else if (tok != DSEMI)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	if (tok != DSEMI && tok != SEMIAMP)
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	incasepat = 1;
 	incmdpos = 0;
 	yylex();
     }
-
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
 
-    cc->pats = (char **) alloc((n + 1) * sizeof(char *));
-
-    for (pp = cc->pats, no = firstnode(pats);
-	 no; incnode(no))
-	*pp++ = (char *)getdata(no);
-    *pp = NULL;
-
-    cc->lists = (List *) alloc((n + 1) * sizeof(List));
-    for (ll = cc->lists, no = firstnode(lists); no; incnode(no), ll++)
-	if (!(*ll = (List) getdata(no)))
-	    *ll = &dummy_list;
-    *ll = NULL;
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_CASE(WC_CASE_HEAD, ecused - 1 - p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -886,20 +1080,13 @@ par_case(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_if(Cmd c)
+par_if(int *complex)
 {
-    struct ifcmd *i;
-    int xtok;
+    int oecused = ecused, xtok, p, pp, type, usebrace = 0;
     unsigned char nc;
-    LinkList ifsl, thensl;
-    LinkNode no;
-    int ni = 0, nt = 0, usebrace = 0;
-    List l, *ll;
 
-    ifsl = newlinklist();
-    thensl = newlinklist();
+    p = ecadd(0);
 
-    c->type = CIF;
     for (;;) {
 	xtok = tok;
 	cmdpush(xtok == IF ? CS_IF : CS_ELIF);
@@ -912,10 +1099,11 @@ par_if(Cmd c)
 	    yylex();
 	if (!(xtok == IF || xtok == ELIF)) {
 	    cmdpop();
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	}
-	addlinknode(ifsl, par_list());
-	ni++;
+	pp = ecadd(0);
+	type = (xtok == IF ? WC_IF_IF : WC_IF_ELIF);
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	incmdpos = 1;
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    yylex();
@@ -926,79 +1114,63 @@ par_if(Cmd c)
 	    cmdpop();
 	    cmdpush(nc);
 	    yylex();
-	    addlinknode(thensl, par_list());
-	    nt++;
+	    par_save_list(complex);
+	    ecbuf[pp] = WCB_IF(type, ecused - 1 - pp);
 	    incmdpos = 1;
 	    cmdpop();
-	} else {
-	    if (tok == INBRACE) {
-		usebrace = 1;
-		cmdpop();
-		cmdpush(nc);
-		yylex();
-		l = par_list();
-		if (tok != OUTBRACE) {
-		    cmdpop();
-		    YYERRORV;
-		}
-		addlinknode(thensl, l);
-		nt++;
-		yylex();
-		incmdpos = 1;
-		if (tok == SEPER)
-		    break;
-		cmdpop();
-	    } else if (unset(SHORTLOOPS)) {
-		cmdpop();
-		YYERRORV;
-	    } else {
+	} else if (tok == INBRACE) {
+	    usebrace = 1;
+	    cmdpop();
+	    cmdpush(nc);
+	    yylex();
+	    par_save_list(complex);
+	    if (tok != OUTBRACE) {
 		cmdpop();
-		cmdpush(nc);
-		addlinknode(thensl, par_list1());
-		nt++;
-		incmdpos = 1;
-		break;
+		YYERRORV(oecused);
 	    }
+	    ecbuf[pp] = WCB_IF(type, ecused - 1 - pp);
+	    yylex();
+	    incmdpos = 1;
+	    if (tok == SEPER)
+		break;
+	    cmdpop();
+	} else if (unset(SHORTLOOPS)) {
+	    cmdpop();
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
+	} else {
+	    cmdpop();
+	    cmdpush(nc);
+	    par_save_list1(complex);
+	    ecbuf[pp] = WCB_IF(type, ecused - 1 - pp);
+	    incmdpos = 1;
+	    break;
 	}
     }
     cmdpop();
     if (xtok == ELSE) {
+	pp = ecadd(0);
 	cmdpush(CS_ELSE);
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    yylex();
 	if (tok == INBRACE && usebrace) {
 	    yylex();
-	    l = par_list();
+	    par_list(complex);
 	    if (tok != OUTBRACE) {
 		cmdpop();
-		YYERRORV;
+		YYERRORV(oecused);
 	    }
 	} else {
-	    l = par_list();
+	    par_list(complex);
 	    if (tok != FI) {
 		cmdpop();
-		YYERRORV;
+		YYERRORV(oecused);
 	    }
 	}
-	addlinknode(thensl, l);
-	nt++;
+	ecbuf[pp] = WCB_IF(WC_IF_ELSE, ecused - 1 - pp);
 	yylex();
 	cmdpop();
     }
-    i = (struct ifcmd *)make_ifcmd();
-    i->ifls = (List *) alloc((ni + 1) * sizeof(List));
-    i->thenls = (List *) alloc((nt + 1) * sizeof(List));
-
-    for (ll = i->ifls, no = firstnode(ifsl); no; incnode(no), ll++)
-	if (!(*ll = (List) getdata(no)))
-	    *ll = &dummy_list;
-    *ll = NULL;
-    for (ll = i->thenls, no = firstnode(thensl); no; incnode(no), ll++)
-	if (!(*ll = (List) getdata(no)))
-	    *ll = &dummy_list;
-    *ll = NULL;
-
-    c->u.ifcmd = i;
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_IF(WC_IF_HEAD, ecused - 1 - p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1008,37 +1180,38 @@ par_if(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_while(Cmd c)
+par_while(int *complex)
 {
-    struct whilecmd *w;
+    int oecused = ecused, p;
+    int type = (tok == UNTIL ? WC_WHILE_UNTIL : WC_WHILE_WHILE);
 
-    c->type = CWHILE;
-    w = c->u.whilecmd = (struct whilecmd *)make_whilecmd();
-    w->cond = (tok == UNTIL);
+    p = ecadd(0);
     yylex();
-    w->cont = par_list();
+    par_save_list(complex);
     incmdpos = 1;
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
     if (tok == DO) {
 	yylex();
-	w->loop = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != DONE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (tok == INBRACE) {
 	yylex();
-	w->loop = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != OUTBRACE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (isset(CSHJUNKIELOOPS)) {
-	w->loop = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != ZEND)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else
-	YYERRORV;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
+
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_WHILE(type, ecused - 1 - p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1047,41 +1220,44 @@ par_while(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_repeat(Cmd c)
+par_repeat(int *complex)
 {
-    c->type = CREPEAT;
+    int oecused = ecused, p;
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+
     incmdpos = 0;
     yylex();
     if (tok != STRING)
-	YYERRORV;
-    if (!c->args)
-	c->args = newlinklist();
-    addlinknode(c->args, tokstr);
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
+    ecstr(tokstr);
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
     if (tok == DO) {
 	yylex();
-	c->u.list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != DONE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (tok == INBRACE) {
 	yylex();
-	c->u.list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != OUTBRACE)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (isset(CSHJUNKIELOOPS)) {
-	c->u.list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(complex);
 	if (tok != ZEND)
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	yylex();
     } else if (unset(SHORTLOOPS)) {
-	YYERRORV;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     } else
-	c->u.list = par_list1();
+	par_save_list1(complex);
+
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_REPEAT(ecused - 1 - p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1090,13 +1266,15 @@ par_repeat(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_subsh(Cmd c)
+par_subsh(int *complex)
 {
-    c->type = (tok == INPAR) ? SUBSH : CURSH;
+    int oecused = ecused, otok = tok;
+
+    ecadd(tok == INPAR ? WCB_SUBSH() : WCB_CURSH());
     yylex();
-    c->u.list = par_list();
-    if (tok != ((c->type == SUBSH) ? OUTPAR : OUTBRACE))
-	YYERRORV;
+    par_save_list(complex);
+    if (tok != ((otok == INPAR) ? OUTPAR : OUTBRACE))
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
 }
@@ -1108,43 +1286,88 @@ par_subsh(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_funcdef(Cmd c)
+par_funcdef(void)
 {
-    int oldlineno = lineno;
+    int oecused = ecused, oldlineno = lineno, num = 0, sbeg, onp, p, c = 0;
+    Eccstr ostrs;
+
     lineno = 0;
     nocorrect = 1;
     incmdpos = 0;
     yylex();
-    c->type = FUNCDEF;
-    c->args = newlinklist();
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+    ecadd(0);
+
     incmdpos = 1;
     while (tok == STRING) {
 	if (*tokstr == Inbrace && !tokstr[1]) {
 	    tok = INBRACE;
 	    break;
 	}
-	addlinknode(c->args, tokstr);
+	ecstr(tokstr);
+	num++;
 	yylex();
     }
+    ecadd(0);
+    ecadd(0);
+
     nocorrect = 0;
     if (tok == INOUTPAR)
 	yylex();
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	yylex();
+
+    sbeg = ecsoffs;
+    ecsoffs = 0;
+    ostrs = ecstrs;
+    ecstrs = NULL;
+    onp = ecnpats;
+    ecnpats = 0;
+
     if (tok == INBRACE) {
 	yylex();
-	c->u.list = par_list();
+	par_save_list(&c);
 	if (tok != OUTBRACE) {
 	    lineno += oldlineno;
-	    YYERRORV;
+	    ecsoffs = sbeg;
+	    ecstrs = ostrs;
+	    ecnpats = onp;
+	    YYERRORV(oecused);
 	}
 	yylex();
     } else if (unset(SHORTLOOPS)) {
 	lineno += oldlineno;
-	YYERRORV;
+	ecsoffs = sbeg;
+	ecstrs = ostrs;
+	ecnpats = onp;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     } else
-	c->u.list = par_list1();
+	par_save_list1(&c);
+
+    ecbuf[p + num + 2] = ecused - num - p;
+    ecbuf[p + num + 3] = ecnpats;
+    ecbuf[p + 1] = num;
+
+    if (ecsoffs) {
+	int beg = ecused, l;
+	Eccstr sp;
+	char *sq;
+
+	ecspace(ecsoffs);
+
+	for (sp = ecstrs, sq = (char *) (ecbuf + beg); sp;
+	     sp = sp->next, sq += l) {
+	    l = strlen(sp->str) + 1;
+	    memcpy(sq, sp->str, l);
+	}
+    }
     lineno += oldlineno;
+    ecsoffs = sbeg;
+    ecstrs = ostrs;
+    ecnpats = onp;
+
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_FUNCDEF(ecused - 1 - p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1153,11 +1376,17 @@ par_funcdef(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_time(Cmd c)
+par_time(void)
 {
+    int p, f, c = 0;
+
     yylex();
-    c->type = ZCTIME;
-    c->u.pline = par_sublist2();
+
+    p = ecadd(0);
+    ecadd(0);
+    f = par_sublist2(&c);
+    ecbuf[p] = WCB_TIMED((p + 1 == ecused) ? WC_TIMED_EMPTY : WC_TIMED_PIPE);
+    set_sublist_code(p + 1, WC_SUBLIST_END, f, ecused - 2 - p, c);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1166,15 +1395,16 @@ par_time(Cmd c)
 
 /**/
 static void
-par_dinbrack(Cmd c)
+par_dinbrack(void)
 {
-    c->type = COND;
+    int oecused = ecused;
+
     incond = 1;
     incmdpos = 0;
     yylex();
-    c->u.cond = par_cond();
+    par_cond();
     if (tok != DOUTBRACK)
-	YYERRORV;
+	YYERRORV(oecused);
     incond = 0;
     incmdpos = 1;
     yylex();
@@ -1187,109 +1417,303 @@ par_dinbrack(Cmd c)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Cmd
-par_simple(Cmd c)
+static int
+par_simple(int *complex, int nr)
 {
-    int isnull = 1;
+    int oecused = ecused, isnull = 1, r, argc = 0, p, isfunc = 0, sr = 0;
+    int c = *complex;
 
-    c->type = SIMPLE;
+    r = ecused;
     for (;;) {
-	if (tok == NOCORRECT)
+	if (tok == NOCORRECT) {
+	    *complex = c = 1;
 	    nocorrect = 1;
-	else if (tok == ENVSTRING) {
-	    struct varasg *v = (struct varasg *)make_varnode();
-	    char *p;
+	} else if (tok == ENVSTRING) {
+	    char *p, *name, *str;
 
-	    v->type = PM_SCALAR;
-	    v->name = tokstr;
+	    ecadd(WCB_ASSIGN(WC_ASSIGN_SCALAR, 0));
+	    name = tokstr;
 	    for (p = tokstr; *p && *p != Inbrack && *p != '='; p++);
 	    if (*p == Inbrack && !skipparens(Inbrack, Outbrack, &p) &&
 		*p == '=') {
 		*p = '\0';
-		v->str = p + 1;
+		str = p + 1;
 	    } else
-		equalsplit(tokstr, &v->str);
-	    if (!c->vars)
-		c->vars = newlinklist();
-	    addlinknode(c->vars, v);
+		equalsplit(tokstr, &str);
+	    ecstr(name);
+	    ecstr(str);
 	    isnull = 0;
 	} else if (tok == ENVARRAY) {
-	    struct varasg *v = (struct varasg *)make_varnode();
-	    int oldcmdpos = incmdpos;
+	    int oldcmdpos = incmdpos, n;
 
-	    v->type = PM_ARRAY;
+	    p = ecadd(0);
 	    incmdpos = 0;
-	    v->name = tokstr;
+	    ecstr(tokstr);
 	    cmdpush(CS_ARRAY);
 	    yylex();
-	    v->arr = par_nl_wordlist();
+	    n = par_nl_wordlist();
+	    ecbuf[p] = WCB_ASSIGN(WC_ASSIGN_ARRAY, n);
 	    cmdpop();
 	    if (tok != OUTPAR)
-		YYERROR;
+		YYERROR(oecused);
 	    incmdpos = oldcmdpos;
-	    if (!c->vars)
-		c->vars = newlinklist();
-	    addlinknode(c->vars, v);
 	    isnull = 0;
 	} else
 	    break;
 	yylex();
     }
     if (tok == AMPER || tok == AMPERBANG)
-	YYERROR;
+	YYERROR(oecused);
+
+    p = ecadd(WCB_SIMPLE(0));
+
     for (;;) {
 	if (tok == STRING) {
+	    *complex = 1;
 	    incmdpos = 0;
-	    if (!c->args)
-		c->args = newlinklist();
-	    addlinknode(c->args, tokstr);
+	    ecstr(tokstr);
+	    argc++;
 	    yylex();
 	} else if (IS_REDIROP(tok)) {
-	    if (!c->redir)
-		c->redir = newlinklist();
-	    par_redir(c->redir);
+	    *complex = c = 1;
+	    par_redir(&r);
+	    p += 3;		/* 3 codes per redirection */
+	    sr++;
 	} else if (tok == INOUTPAR) {
-	    int oldlineno = lineno;
+	    int oldlineno = lineno, sbeg, onp;
+	    Eccstr ostrs;
+
+	    *complex = c;
 	    lineno = 0;
 	    incmdpos = 1;
 	    cmdpush(CS_FUNCDEF);
 	    yylex();
 	    while (tok == SEPER)
 		yylex();
+
+	    ecispace(p + 1, 1);
+	    ecbuf[p + 1] = argc;
+	    ecadd(0);
+	    ecadd(0);
+
+	    sbeg = ecsoffs;
+	    ecsoffs = 0;
+	    ostrs = ecstrs;
+	    ecstrs = NULL;
+	    onp = ecnpats;
+	    ecnpats = 0;
+
 	    if (tok == INBRACE) {
+		int c = 0;
+
 		yylex();
-		c->u.list = par_list();
+		par_list(&c);
 		if (tok != OUTBRACE) {
 		    cmdpop();
 		    lineno += oldlineno;
-		    YYERROR;
+		    ecsoffs = sbeg;
+		    ecstrs = ostrs;
+		    ecnpats = onp;
+		    YYERROR(oecused);
 		}
 		yylex();
 	    } else {
-		List l;
-		Sublist sl;
-		Pline pl;
-
-		l = (List) allocnode(sizeof(*l), N_LIST);
-		l->type = Z_SYNC;
-		l->left = sl = (Sublist) allocnode(sizeof(*sl), N_SUBLIST);
-		sl->type = END;
-		sl->left = pl = (Pline) allocnode(sizeof(*pl), N_PLINE);
-		pl->type = END;
-		pl->left = par_cmd();
-		c->u.list = l;
+		int ll, sl, c = 0;
+
+		ll = ecadd(0);
+		sl = ecadd(0);
+
+		par_cmd(&c);
+
+		set_sublist_code(sl, WC_SUBLIST_END, 0, ecused - 1 - sl, c);
+		set_list_code(ll, (Z_SYNC | Z_END), c);
 	    }
 	    cmdpop();
-	    c->type = FUNCDEF;
+
+	    ecbuf[p + argc + 2] = ecused - argc - p;
+	    ecbuf[p + argc + 3] = ecnpats;
+
+	    if (ecsoffs) {
+		int beg = ecused, l;
+		Eccstr sp;
+		char *sq;
+
+		ecspace(ecsoffs);
+
+		for (sp = ecstrs, sq = (char *) (ecbuf + beg); sp;
+		     sp = sp->next, sq += l) {
+		    l = strlen(sp->str) + 1;
+		    memcpy(sq, sp->str, l);
+		}
+	    }
 	    lineno += oldlineno;
+	    ecsoffs = sbeg;
+	    ecstrs = ostrs;
+	    ecnpats = onp;
+
+	    ecbuf[p] = WCB_FUNCDEF(ecused - 1 - p);
+
+	    isfunc = 1;
 	} else
 	    break;
 	isnull = 0;
     }
-    if (isnull && (!c->redir || empty(c->redir)))
-	return NULL;
+    if (isnull && !(sr + nr)) {
+	ecused = p;
+	return 0;
+    }
     incmdpos = 1;
-    return c;
+
+    if (!isfunc)
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_SIMPLE(argc);
+
+    return sr + 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * redir	: ( OUTANG | ... | TRINANG ) STRING
+ */
+
+static int redirtab[TRINANG - OUTANG + 1] = {
+    WRITE,
+    WRITENOW,
+    APP,
+    APPNOW,
+    READ,
+    READWRITE,
+    HEREDOC,
+    HEREDOCDASH,
+    MERGEIN,
+    MERGEOUT,
+    ERRWRITE,
+    ERRWRITENOW,
+    ERRAPP,
+    ERRAPPNOW,
+    HERESTR,
+};
+
+/**/
+static void
+par_redir(int *rp)
+{
+    int r = *rp, type, fd1, oldcmdpos, oldnc;
+    char *name;
+
+    oldcmdpos = incmdpos;
+    incmdpos = 0;
+    oldnc = nocorrect;
+    if (tok != INANG && tok != INOUTANG)
+	nocorrect = 1;
+    type = redirtab[tok - OUTANG];
+    fd1 = tokfd;
+    yylex();
+    if (tok != STRING && tok != ENVSTRING)
+	YYERRORV(ecused);
+    incmdpos = oldcmdpos;
+    nocorrect = oldnc;
+
+    /* assign default fd */
+    if (fd1 == -1)
+	fd1 = IS_READFD(type) ? 0 : 1;
+
+    name = tokstr;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case HEREDOC:
+    case HEREDOCDASH: {
+	/* <<[-] name */
+	struct heredocs **hd;
+
+	for (hd = &hdocs; *hd; hd = &(*hd)->next);
+	*hd = zalloc(sizeof(struct heredocs));
+	(*hd)->next = NULL;
+	(*hd)->pc = ecbuf + r;
+	(*hd)->str = tokstr;
+
+	/* If we ever need more than three codes (or less), we have to change
+	 * the factors in par_cmd() and par_simple(), too. */
+	ecispace(r, 3);
+	*rp = r + 3;
+	ecbuf[r] = WCB_REDIR(type);
+	ecbuf[r + 1] = fd1;
+
+	yylex();
+	return;
+    }
+    case WRITE:
+    case WRITENOW:
+	if (tokstr[0] == Outang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
+	    /* > >(...) */
+	    type = OUTPIPE;
+	else if (tokstr[0] == Inang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
+	    YYERRORV(ecused);
+	break;
+    case READ:
+	if (tokstr[0] == Inang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
+	    /* < <(...) */
+	    type = INPIPE;
+	else if (tokstr[0] == Outang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
+	    YYERRORV(ecused);
+	break;
+    case READWRITE:
+	if ((tokstr[0] == Inang || tokstr[0] == Outang) && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
+	    type = tokstr[0] == Inang ? INPIPE : OUTPIPE;
+	break;
+    }
+    yylex();
+
+    /* If we ever need more than three codes (or less), we have to change
+     * the factors in par_cmd() and par_simple(), too. */
+    ecispace(r, 3);
+    *rp = r + 3;
+    ecbuf[r] = WCB_REDIR(type);
+    ecbuf[r + 1] = fd1;
+    ecbuf[r + 2] = ecstrcode(name);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+setheredoc(Wordcode pc, int type, char *str)
+{
+    pc[0] = WCB_REDIR(type);
+    pc[2] = ecstrcode(str);
+}
+
+/*
+ * wordlist	: { STRING }
+ */
+
+/**/
+static int
+par_wordlist(void)
+{
+    int num = 0;
+    while (tok == STRING) {
+	ecstr(tokstr);
+	num++;
+	yylex();
+    }
+    return num;
+}
+
+/*
+ * nl_wordlist	: { STRING | SEPER }
+ */
+
+/**/
+static int
+par_nl_wordlist(void)
+{
+    int num = 0;
+
+    while (tok == STRING || tok == SEPER) {
+	if (tok != SEPER) {
+	    ecstr(tokstr);
+	    num++;
+	}
+	yylex();
+    }
+    return num;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1305,25 +1729,24 @@ void (*condlex) _((void)) = yylex;
  */
 
 /**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond(void)
 {
-    Cond c, c2;
+    int p = ecused, r;
 
-    c = par_cond_1();
+    r = par_cond_1();
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	condlex();
     if (tok == DBAR) {
 	condlex();
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    condlex();
-	c2 = (Cond) make_cond();
-	c2->left = (void *) c;
-	c2->right = (void *) par_cond();
-	c2->type = COND_OR;
-	return c2;
+	ecispace(p, 1);
+	par_cond();
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_COND(COND_OR, ecused - 1 - p);
+	return 1;
     }
-    return c;
+    return r;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1331,25 +1754,24 @@ par_cond(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond_1(void)
 {
-    Cond c, c2;
+    int r, p = ecused;
 
-    c = par_cond_2();
+    r = par_cond_2();
     while (tok == SEPER)
 	condlex();
     if (tok == DAMPER) {
 	condlex();
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    condlex();
-	c2 = (Cond) make_cond();
-	c2->left = (void *) c;
-	c2->right = (void *) par_cond_1();
-	c2->type = COND_AND;
-	return c2;
+	ecispace(p, 1);
+	par_cond_1();
+	ecbuf[p] = WCB_COND(COND_AND, ecused - 1 - p);
+	return 1;
     }
-    return c;
+    return r;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1361,10 +1783,9 @@ par_cond_1(void)
  */
 
 /**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond_2(void)
 {
-    Cond c, c2;
     char *s1, *s2, *s3;
     int dble = 0;
 
@@ -1398,23 +1819,22 @@ par_cond_2(void)
     }
     if (tok == BANG) {
 	condlex();
-	c = par_cond_2();
-	c2 = (Cond) make_cond();
-	c2->left = (void *) c;
-	c2->type = COND_NOT;
-	return c2;
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_NOT, 0));
+	return par_cond_2();
     }
     if (tok == INPAR) {
+	int r;
+
 	condlex();
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    condlex();
-	c = par_cond();
+	r = par_cond();
 	while (tok == SEPER)
 	    condlex();
 	if (tok != OUTPAR)
-	    YYERROR;
+	    YYERROR(ecused);
 	condlex();
-	return c;
+	return r;
     }
     if (tok != STRING) {
 	if (tok && tok != LEXERR && condlex == testlex) {
@@ -1422,7 +1842,7 @@ par_cond_2(void)
 	    condlex();
 	    return par_cond_double("-n", s1);
 	} else
-	    YYERROR;
+	    YYERROR(ecused);
     }
     s1 = tokstr;
     if (condlex == testlex)
@@ -1433,15 +1853,13 @@ par_cond_2(void)
 	int xtok = tok;
 	condlex();
 	if (tok != STRING)
-	    YYERROR;
+	    YYERROR(ecused);
 	s3 = tokstr;
 	condlex();
-	c = (Cond) make_cond();
-	c->left = (void *) s1;
-	c->right = (void *) s3;
-	c->type = (xtok == INANG) ? COND_STRLT : COND_STRGTR;
-	c->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR, 0, 0);
-	return c;
+	ecadd(WCB_COND((xtok == INANG ? COND_STRLT : COND_STRGTR), 0));
+	ecstr(s1);
+	ecstr(s3);
+	return 1;
     }
     if (tok != STRING) {
 	if (tok != LEXERR && condlex == testlex) {
@@ -1450,7 +1868,7 @@ par_cond_2(void)
 	    else if (!strcmp(s1, "-t"))
 		return par_cond_double(s1, "1");
 	} else
-	    YYERROR;
+	    YYERROR(ecused);
     }
     s2 = tokstr;
     incond++;			/* parentheses do globbing */
@@ -1476,151 +1894,21 @@ par_cond_2(void)
 	return par_cond_double(s1, s2);
 }
 
-/*
- * redir	: ( OUTANG | ... | TRINANG ) STRING
- */
-
-static int redirtab[TRINANG - OUTANG + 1] = {
-    WRITE,
-    WRITENOW,
-    APP,
-    APPNOW,
-    READ,
-    READWRITE,
-    HEREDOC,
-    HEREDOCDASH,
-    MERGEIN,
-    MERGEOUT,
-    ERRWRITE,
-    ERRWRITENOW,
-    ERRAPP,
-    ERRAPPNOW,
-    HERESTR,
-};
-
 /**/
-static void
-par_redir(LinkList l)
-{
-    struct redir *fn = (struct redir *)
-	allocnode(sizeof(struct redir), N_REDIR);
-    int oldcmdpos, oldnc;
-
-    oldcmdpos = incmdpos;
-    incmdpos = 0;
-    oldnc = nocorrect;
-    if (tok != INANG && tok != INOUTANG)
-	nocorrect = 1;
-    fn->type = redirtab[tok - OUTANG];
-    fn->fd1 = tokfd;
-    yylex();
-    if (tok != STRING && tok != ENVSTRING)
-	YYERRORV;
-    incmdpos = oldcmdpos;
-    nocorrect = oldnc;
-
-    /* assign default fd */
-    if (fn->fd1 == -1)
-	fn->fd1 = IS_READFD(fn->type) ? 0 : 1;
-
-    fn->name = tokstr;
-
-    switch (fn->type) {
-    case HEREDOC:
-    case HEREDOCDASH: {
-	/* <<[-] name */
-	struct heredocs **hd;
-
-	for (hd = &hdocs; *hd; hd = &(*hd)->next);
-	*hd = zalloc(sizeof(struct heredocs));
-	(*hd)->next = NULL;
-	(*hd)->rd = fn;
-	break;
-    }
-    case WRITE:
-    case WRITENOW:
-	if (tokstr[0] == Outang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
-	    /* > >(...) */
-	    fn->type = OUTPIPE;
-	else if (tokstr[0] == Inang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
-	    YYERRORV;
-	break;
-    case READ:
-	if (tokstr[0] == Inang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
-	    /* < <(...) */
-	    fn->type = INPIPE;
-	else if (tokstr[0] == Outang && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
-	    YYERRORV;
-	break;
-    case READWRITE:
-	if ((tokstr[0] == Inang || tokstr[0] == Outang) && tokstr[1] == Inpar)
-	    fn->type = tokstr[0] == Inang ? INPIPE : OUTPIPE;
-	break;
-    }
-    yylex();
-    addlinknode(l, fn);
-}
-
-/*
- * wordlist	: { STRING }
- */
-
-/**/
-static LinkList
-par_wordlist(void)
-{
-    LinkList l;
-
-    l = newlinklist();
-    while (tok == STRING) {
-	addlinknode(l, tokstr);
-	yylex();
-    }
-    return l;
-}
-
-/*
- * nl_wordlist	: { STRING | SEPER }
- */
-
-/**/
-static LinkList
-par_nl_wordlist(void)
-{
-    LinkList l;
-
-    l = newlinklist();
-    while (tok == STRING || tok == SEPER) {
-	if (tok != SEPER)
-	    addlinknode(l, tokstr);
-	yylex();
-    }
-    return l;
-}
-
-/**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond_double(char *a, char *b)
 {
-    Cond n = (Cond) make_cond();
-
-    n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR, 0, 0);
-    n->left = (void *) b;
     if (a[0] != '-' || !a[1])
 	COND_ERROR("parse error: condition expected: %s", a);
-    else if (!a[2] && strspn(a+1, "abcdefgknoprstuwxzhLONGS") == 1)
-	n->type = a[1];
-    else {
-	char *d[2];
-
-	n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR | NT_ARR, 0, 0);
-	n->type = COND_MOD;
-	n->left = (void *) a;
-	d[0] = b;
-	d[1] = NULL;
-	n->right = (void *) arrdup(d);
+    else if (!a[2] && strspn(a+1, "abcdefgknoprstuwxzhLONGS") == 1) {
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(a[1], 0));
+	ecstr(b);
+    } else {
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_MOD, 1));
+	ecstr(a);
+	ecstr(b);
     }
-    return n;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /**/
@@ -1640,66 +1928,59 @@ get_cond_num(char *tst)
 }
 
 /**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond_triple(char *a, char *b, char *c)
 {
-    Cond n = (Cond) make_cond();
     int t0;
 
-    n->left = (void *) a;
-    n->right = (void *) c;
     if ((b[0] == Equals || b[0] == '=') &&
 	(!b[1] || ((b[1] == Equals || b[1] == '=') && !b[2]))) {
-	n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR, NT_PAT, 0);
-	n->type = COND_STREQ;
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_STREQ, 0));
+	ecstr(a);
+	ecstr(c);
+	ecadd(ecnpats++);
     } else if (b[0] == '!' && (b[1] == Equals || b[1] == '=') && !b[2]) {
-	n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR, NT_PAT, 0);
-	n->type = COND_STRNEQ;
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_STRNEQ, 0));
+	ecstr(a);
+	ecstr(c);
+	ecadd(ecnpats++);
     } else if (b[0] == '-') {
 	if ((t0 = get_cond_num(b + 1)) > -1) {
-	    n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR, 0, 0);
-	    n->type = t0 + COND_NT;
+	    ecadd(WCB_COND(t0 + COND_NT, 0));
+	    ecstr(a);
+	    ecstr(c);
 	} else {
-	    char *d[3];
-
-	    n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR | NT_ARR, 0, 0);
-	    n->type = COND_MODI;
-	    n->left = (void *) b;
-	    d[0] = a;
-	    d[1] = c;
-	    d[2] = NULL;
-	    n->right = (void *) arrdup(d);
+	    ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_MODI, 0));
+	    ecstr(b);
+	    ecstr(a);
+	    ecstr(c);
 	}
     } else if (a[0] == '-' && a[1]) {
-	char *d[3];
-
-	n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR | NT_ARR, 0, 0);
-	n->type = COND_MOD;
-	n->left = (void *) a;
-	d[0] = b;
-	d[1] = c;
-	d[2] = NULL;
-	n->right = (void *) arrdup(d);
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_MOD, 2));
+	ecstr(a);
+	ecstr(b);
+	ecstr(c);
     } else
 	COND_ERROR("condition expected: %s", b);
-    return n;
+
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /**/
-static Cond
+static int
 par_cond_multi(char *a, LinkList l)
 {
-    Cond n = (Cond) make_cond();
-
-    n->ntype = NT_SET(N_COND, NT_STR, NT_STR | NT_ARR, 0, 0);
     if (a[0] != '-' || !a[1])
 	COND_ERROR("condition expected: %s", a);
     else {
-	n->type = COND_MOD;
-	n->left = (void *) a;
-	n->right = (void *) listarr(l);
+	LinkNode n;
+
+	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_MOD, countlinknodes(l)));
+	ecstr(a);
+	for (n = firstnode(l); n; incnode(n))
+	    ecstr((char *) getdata(n));
     }
-    return n;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /**/
@@ -1707,667 +1988,24 @@ static void
 yyerror(int noerr)
 {
     int t0;
+    char *t;
+
+    if ((t = dupstring(yytext)))
+	untokenize(t);
 
     for (t0 = 0; t0 != 20; t0++)
-	if (!yytext || !yytext[t0] || yytext[t0] == '\n')
+	if (!t || !t[t0] || t[t0] == '\n')
 	    break;
     if (t0 == 20)
-	zwarn("parse error near `%l...'", yytext, 20);
+	zwarn("parse error near `%l...'", t, 20);
     else if (t0)
-	zwarn("parse error near `%l'", yytext, t0);
+	zwarn("parse error near `%l'", t, t0);
     else
 	zwarn("parse error", NULL, 0);
     if (!noerr && noerrs != 2)
 	errflag = 1;
 }
 
-/* 
- * Word code.
- *
- * For now we simply post-process the syntax tree produced by the
- * parser. We compile it into a struct eprog. Some day the parser
- * above should be changed to emit the word code directly.
- *
- * Word code layout:
- *
- *   WC_END
- *     - end of program code
- *
- *   WC_LIST
- *     - data contains type (sync, ...)
- *     - follwed by code for this list
- *     - if not (type & Z_END), followed by next WC_LIST
- *
- *   WC_SUBLIST
- *     - data contains type (&&, ||, END) and flags (coprog, not)
- *     - followed by code for sublist
- *     - if not (type == END), followed by next WC_SUBLIST
- *
- *   WC_PIPE
- *     - data contains type (end, mid) and LINENO
- *     - if not (type == END), followed by offset to next WC_PIPE
- *     - followed by command
- *     - if not (type == END), followed by next WC_PIPE
- *
- *   WC_REDIR
- *     - must precede command-code (or WC_ASSIGN)
- *     - data contains type (<, >, ...)
- *     - followed by fd1 and name from struct redir
- *
- *   WC_ASSIGN
- *     - data contains type (scalar, array) and number of array-elements
- *     - followed by name and value
- *
- *   WC_SIMPLE
- *     - data contains the number of arguments (plus command)
- *     - followed by strings
- *
- *   WC_SUBSH
- *     - data unused
- *     - followed by list
- *
- *   WC_CURSH
- *     - data unused
- *     - followed by list
- *
- *   WC_TIMED
- *     - data contains type (followed by pipe or not)
- *     - if (type == PIPE), followed by pipe
- *
- *   WC_FUNCDEF
- *     - data contains offset to after body-strings
- *     - followed by number of names
- *     - followed by names
- *     - followed by number of codes for body
- *     - followed by number of patterns for body
- *     - follwoed by codes for body
- *     - followed by strings for body
- *
- *   WC_FOR
- *     - data contains type (list, ...) and offset to after body
- *     - if (type == COND), followed by init, cond, advance expressions
- *     - else if (type == PPARAM), followed by param name
- *     - else if (type == LIST), followed by param name, num strings, strings
- *     - followed by body
- *
- *   WC_SELECT
- *     - data contains type (list, ...) and offset to after body
- *     - if (type == PPARAM), followed by param name
- *     - else if (type == LIST), followed by param name, num strings, strings
- *     - followed by body
- *
- *   WC_WHILE
- *     - data contains type (while, until) and ofsset to after body
- *     - followed by condition
- *     - followed by body
- *
- *   WC_REPEAT
- *     - data contains offset to after body
- *     - followed by number-string
- *     - followed by body
- *
- *   WC_CASE
- *     - first CASE is always of type HEAD, data contains offset to esac
- *     - after that CASEs of type OR (;;) and AND (;&), data is offset to
- *       next case
- *     - each OR/AND case is followed by pattern, pattern-number, list
- *
- *   WC_IF
- *     - first IF is of type HEAD, data contains offset to fi
- *     - after that IFs of type IF, ELIF, ELSE, data is offset to next
- *     - each non-HEAD is followed by condition (only IF, ELIF) and body
- *
- *   WC_COND
- *     - data contains type
- *     - if (type == AND/OR), data contains offset to after this one,
- *       followed by two CONDs
- *     - else if (type == NOT), followed by COND
- *     - else if (type == MOD), followed by name and strings
- *     - else if (type == MODI), followed by name, left, right
- *     - else if (type == STR[N]EQ), followed by left, right, pattern-number
- *     - else if (has two args) followed by left, right
- *     - else followed by string
- *
- *   WC_ARITH
- *     - followed by string (there's only one)
- *
- *   WC_AUTOFN
- *     - only used by the autoload builtin
- *
- * In each of the above, strings are encoded as one word code. For empty
- * strings this is the bit pattern 0xfe000000. For short strings (one to
- * three characters), this is the marker 0xff000000 with the lower three
- * bytes containing the characters. Longer strings are encoded as the
- * offset into the strs character array stored in the eprog struct.
- * The ecstr() function that adds the code for a string uses a simple
- * list of strings already added so that long strings are encoded only
- * once.
- *
- * Note also that in the eprog struct the pattern, code, and string
- * arrays all point to the same memory block.
- */
-
-static int eclen, ecused, ecfree, ecnpats;
-static Wordcode ecbuf;
-
-typedef struct eccstr *Eccstr;
-
-struct eccstr {
-    Eccstr next;
-    char *str;
-    wordcode offs;
-};
-
-static Eccstr ecstrs;
-static int ecsoffs;
-
-/* Make at least n bytes free (aligned to sizeof(wordcode)). */
-
-static int
-ecspace(int n)
-{
-    n = (n + sizeof(wordcode) - 1) / sizeof(wordcode);
-
-    if (ecfree < n) {
-	int a = (n > 256 ? n : 256);
-
-	ecbuf = (Wordcode) hrealloc((char *) ecbuf, eclen * sizeof(wordcode),
-				    (eclen + a) * sizeof(wordcode));
-	eclen += a;
-	ecfree += a;
-    }
-    ecused += n;
-    ecfree -= n;
-
-    return ecused - 1;
-}
-
-/* Add one wordcode. */
-
-static int
-ecadd(wordcode c)
-{
-    if (ecfree < 1) {
-	ecbuf = (Wordcode) hrealloc((char *) ecbuf, eclen * sizeof(wordcode),
-				    (eclen + 256) * sizeof(wordcode));
-	eclen += 256;
-	ecfree += 256;
-    }
-    ecbuf[ecused] = c;
-    ecused++;
-    ecfree--;
-
-    return ecused - 1;
-}
-
-/* Add a string and the wordcode for it. */
-
-static int
-ecstr(char *s)
-{
-    int l;
-
-    if ((l = strlen(s) + 1) && l <= 4) {
-	wordcode c = 0xff000000;
-	switch (l) {
-	case 4: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[2])) << 16;
-	case 3: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[1])) <<  8;
-	case 2: c |= ((wordcode) STOUC(s[0])); break;
-	case 1: c = 0xfe000000;   break;
-	}
-	return ecadd(c);
-    } else {
-	Eccstr p, q = NULL;
-
-	for (p = ecstrs; p; q = p, p = p->next)
-	    if (!strcmp(s, p->str))
-		return ecadd(p->offs);
-
-	p = (Eccstr) zhalloc(sizeof(*p));
-	p->next = NULL;
-	if (q)
-	    q->next = p;
-	else
-	    ecstrs = p;
-	p->offs = ecsoffs;
-	p->str = s;
-	ecsoffs += l;
-
-	return ecadd(p->offs);
-    }
-}
-
-#define ec(N) ecomp((struct node *) (N))
-#define ecsave(N) \
-  do { int u = ecused; ec(N); if (u == ecused) ecadd(WCB_END()); } while (0)
-
-#define _Cond(X) ((Cond) (X))
-#define _Cmd(X) ((Cmd) (X))
-#define _Pline(X) ((Pline) (X))
-#define _Sublist(X) ((Sublist) (X))
-#define _List(X) ((List) (X))
-#define _casecmd(X) ((struct casecmd *) (X))
-#define _ifcmd(X) ((struct ifcmd *) (X))
-#define _whilecmd(X) ((struct whilecmd *) (X))
-
-#define cont(N) do { n = (struct node *) (N); goto rec; } while (0)
-
-/* Compile a node. */
-
-static void
-ecomp(struct node *n)
-{
-    int p, c;
-
- rec:
-
-    if (!n || ((List) n) == &dummy_list)
-	return;
-
-    switch (NT_TYPE(n->ntype)) {
-    case N_LIST:
-	ecadd(WCB_LIST(_List(n)->type | (_List(n)->right ? 0 : Z_END)));
-	if (_List(n)->right) {
-	    ec(_List(n)->left);
-	    cont(_List(n)->right);
-	} else
-	    cont(_List(n)->left);
-	break;
-    case N_SUBLIST:
-	p = ecadd(0);
-	ec(_Sublist(n)->left);
-	ecbuf[p] = WCB_SUBLIST((_Sublist(n)->right ?
-				((_Sublist(n)->type == ORNEXT) ?
-				 WC_SUBLIST_OR : WC_SUBLIST_AND) :
-				WC_SUBLIST_END),
-			       (((_Sublist(n)->flags & PFLAG_NOT) ?
-				 WC_SUBLIST_NOT : 0) |
-				((_Sublist(n)->flags & PFLAG_COPROC) ?
-				 WC_SUBLIST_COPROC : 0)),
-			       (ecused - 1 - p));
-	if (_Sublist(n)->right)
-	    cont(_Sublist(n)->right);
-	break;
-    case N_PLINE:
-	ecadd(WCB_PIPE((_Pline(n)->right ? WC_PIPE_MID : WC_PIPE_END),
-		       (_Cmd(_Pline(n)->left)->lineno >= 0 ?
-			_Cmd(_Pline(n)->left)->lineno + 1 : 0)));
-	if (_Pline(n)->right) {
-	    p = ecadd(0);
-	    ec(_Pline(n)->left);
-	    ecbuf[p] = (wordcode) (ecused - p);
-	    cont(_Pline(n)->right);
-	} else
-	    cont(_Pline(n)->left);
-	break;
-    case N_CMD:
-	{
-	    Cmd nn = _Cmd(n);
-
-	    /* Note that the execution and text code require that the
-	     * redirs and assignments are in exactly this order and that
-	     * they are before the command. */
-
-	    ecredirs(nn->redir);
-
-	    switch (nn->type) {
-	    case SIMPLE:
-		{
-		    int num = 0;
-
-		    ecassigns(nn->vars);
-		    p = ecadd(0);
-
-		    if (nn->args) {
-			LinkNode ap;
-
-			for (ap = firstnode(nn->args); ap;
-			     incnode(ap), num++)
-			    ecstr((char *) getdata(ap));
-		    }
-		    ecbuf[p] = WCB_SIMPLE(num);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case SUBSH:
-		ecadd(WCB_SUBSH());
-		ecsave(nn->u.list);
-		break;
-	    case ZCTIME:
-		ecadd(WCB_TIMED(nn->u.pline ? WC_TIMED_PIPE : WC_TIMED_EMPTY));
-		if (nn->u.pline)
-		    ec(nn->u.pline);
-		break;
-	    case FUNCDEF:
-		{
-		    LinkNode np;
-		    int num, sbeg, onp;
-		    Eccstr ostrs;
-
-		    /* Defined functions and their strings are stored
-		     * inline. */
-
-		    p = ecadd(0);
-		    ecadd(0);
-
-		    for (np = firstnode(nn->args), num = 0; np;
-			 incnode(np), num++)
-			ecstr((char *) getdata(np));
-
-		    ecadd(0);
-		    ecadd(0);
-
-		    sbeg = ecsoffs;
-		    ecsoffs = 0;
-		    ostrs = ecstrs;
-		    ecstrs = NULL;
-		    onp = ecnpats;
-		    ecnpats = 0;
-
-		    ecsave(nn->u.list);
-
-		    ecbuf[p + num + 2] = ecused - num - p;
-		    ecbuf[p + num + 3] = ecnpats;
-		    ecbuf[p + 1] = num;
-
-		    if (ecsoffs) {
-			int beg = ecused, l;
-			Eccstr sp;
-			char *sq;
-
-			ecspace(ecsoffs);
-
-			for (sp = ecstrs, sq = (char *) (ecbuf + beg); sp;
-			     sp = sp->next, sq += l) {
-			    l = strlen(sp->str) + 1;
-			    memcpy(sq, sp->str, l);
-			}
-		    }
-		    ecsoffs = sbeg;
-		    ecstrs = ostrs;
-		    ecnpats = onp;
-
-		    ecbuf[p] = WCB_FUNCDEF(ecused - 1 - p);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case CURSH:
-		ecadd(WCB_CURSH());
-		ecsave(nn->u.list);
-		break;
-	    case CFOR:
-		{
-		    int type;
-
-		    p = ecadd(0);
-		    ecstr(nn->u.forcmd->name);
-
-		    if (nn->u.forcmd->condition) {
-			type = WC_FOR_COND;
-			ecstr(nn->u.forcmd->condition);
-			ecstr(nn->u.forcmd->advance);
-		    } else {
-			if (nn->args) {
-			    LinkNode fp;
-			    int num;
-
-			    type = WC_FOR_LIST;
-
-			    ecadd(0);
-
-			    for (fp = firstnode(nn->args), num = 0; fp;
-				 incnode(fp), num++)
-				ecstr((char *) getdata(fp));
-
-			    ecbuf[p + 2] = num;
-			} else
-			    type = WC_FOR_PPARAM;
-		    }
-		    ecsave(nn->u.forcmd->list);
-
-		    ecbuf[p] = WCB_FOR(type, ecused - 1 - p);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case CSELECT:
-		{
-		    int type;
-
-		    p = ecadd(0);
-		    ecstr(nn->u.forcmd->name);
-
-		    if (nn->args) {
-			LinkNode fp;
-			int num;
-
-			type = WC_SELECT_LIST;
-			ecadd(0);
-
-			for (fp = firstnode(nn->args), num = 0; fp;
-			     incnode(fp), num++)
-			    ecstr((char *) getdata(fp));
-
-			ecbuf[p + 2] = num;
-		    } else
-			type = WC_SELECT_PPARAM;
-
-		    ecsave(nn->u.forcmd->list);
-
-		    ecbuf[p] = WCB_SELECT(type, ecused - 1 - p);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case CIF:
-		{
-		    List *i, *t;
-		    int type = WC_IF_IF;
-
-		    c = ecadd(0);
-
-		    for (i = nn->u.ifcmd->ifls, t = nn->u.ifcmd->thenls;
-			 *i; i++, t++) {
-			p = ecadd(0);
-			ecsave(*i);
-			ecsave(*t);
-			ecbuf[p] = WCB_IF(type, ecused - 1 - p);
-			type = WC_IF_ELIF;
-		    }
-		    if (*t) {
-			p = ecadd(0);
-			ecsave(*t);
-			ecbuf[p] = WCB_IF(WC_IF_ELSE, ecused - 1 - p);
-		    }
-		    ecbuf[c] = WCB_IF(WC_IF_HEAD, ecused - 1 - c);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case CCASE:
-		{
-		    List *l;
-		    char **pp = nn->u.casecmd->pats;
-
-		    p = ecadd(0);
-		    ecstr(*pp++);
-
-		    for (l = nn->u.casecmd->lists; l && *l; l++, pp++) {
-			c = ecadd(0);
-			ecstr(*pp + 1);
-			ecadd(ecnpats++);
-			ecsave(*l);
-			ecbuf[c] = WCB_CASE((**pp == ';' ?
-					     WC_CASE_OR : WC_CASE_AND),
-					    ecused - 1 - c);
-		    }
-		    ecbuf[p] = WCB_CASE(WC_CASE_HEAD, ecused - 1 - p);
-		}
-		break;
-	    case COND:
-		eccond(nn->u.cond);
-		break;
-	    case CARITH:
-		ecadd(WCB_ARITH());
-		ecstr((char *) getdata(firstnode(nn->args)));
-		break;
-	    case CREPEAT:
-		p = ecadd(0);
-		ecstr((char *) getdata(firstnode(nn->args)));
-		ecsave(nn->u.list);
-		ecbuf[p] = WCB_REPEAT(ecused - 1 - p);
-		break;
-	    case CWHILE:
-		p = ecadd(0);
-		ecsave(nn->u.whilecmd->cont);
-		ecsave(nn->u.whilecmd->loop);
-		ecbuf[p] = WCB_WHILE((nn->u.whilecmd->cond ?
-				      WC_WHILE_UNTIL : WC_WHILE_WHILE),
-				     ecused - 1 - p);
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	break;
-    case N_COND:
-	eccond((Cond) n);
-	break;
-#ifdef DEBUG
-    default:
-	dputs("BUG: node type not handled in ecomp().");
-	break;
-#endif
-    }
-}
-
-/**/
-static void
-ecredirs(LinkList l)
-{
-    LinkNode n;
-    Redir f;
-
-    if (!l)
-	return;
-
-    for (n = firstnode(l); n; incnode(n)) {
-	f = (Redir) getdata(n);
-
-	ecadd(WCB_REDIR(f->type));
-	ecadd(f->fd1);
-	ecstr(f->name);
-    }
-}
-
-/**/
-static void
-ecassigns(LinkList l)
-{
-    int p;
-    LinkNode n;
-    Varasg v;
-
-    if (!l)
-	return;
-
-    for (n = firstnode(l); n; incnode(n)) {
-	v = (Varasg) getdata(n);
-
-	p = ecadd(0);
-	ecstr(v->name);
-
-	if (PM_TYPE(v->type) == PM_ARRAY) {
-	    LinkNode vp;
-	    int num;
-
-	    for (vp = firstnode(v->arr), num = 0; vp; incnode(vp), num++)
-		ecstr((char *) getdata(vp));
-	    ecbuf[p] = WCB_ASSIGN(WC_ASSIGN_ARRAY, num);
-	} else {
-	    ecstr(v->str);
-	    ecbuf[p] = WCB_ASSIGN(WC_ASSIGN_SCALAR, 0);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-/**/
-static void
-eccond(Cond c)
-{
-    int p;
-
-    switch (c->type) {
-    case COND_NOT:
-	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_NOT, 0));
-	eccond(c->left);
-	break;
-    case COND_AND:
-    case COND_OR:
-	p = ecadd(0);
-	eccond(c->left);
-	eccond(c->right);
-	ecbuf[p] = WCB_COND(c->type, ecused - 1 - p);
-	break;
-    case COND_MOD:
-	{
-	    char **pp;
-	    int num;
-
-	    p = ecadd(0);
-	    ecstr((char *) c->left);
-	    for (pp = (char **) c->right, num = 0; *pp; pp++, num++)
-		ecstr(*pp);
-	    ecbuf[p] = WCB_COND(COND_MOD, num);
-	}
-	break;
-    case COND_MODI:
-	ecadd(WCB_COND(COND_MODI, 0));
-	ecstr((char *) c->left);
-	ecstr(((char **) c->right)[0]);
-	ecstr(((char **) c->right)[1]);
-	break;
-    default:
-	ecadd(WCB_COND(c->type, 0));
-	ecstr((char *) c->left);
-	if (c->type <= COND_GE) {
-	    ecstr((char *) c->right);
-	    if (c->type == COND_STREQ || c->type == COND_STRNEQ)
-		ecadd(ecnpats++);
-	}
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-/**/
-static Eprog
-execompile(List list)
-{
-    Eprog ret;
-    Eccstr p;
-    char *q;
-    int l;
-
-    MUSTUSEHEAP("execompile");
-
-    ecbuf = (Wordcode) zhalloc((eclen = ecfree = 256) * sizeof(wordcode));
-    ecused = 0;
-    ecstrs = NULL;
-    ecsoffs = ecnpats = 0;
-
-    ec(list);
-    ecadd(WCB_END());
-
-    ret = (Eprog) zhalloc(sizeof(*ret));
-    ret->len = ((ecnpats * sizeof(Patprog)) +
-		(ecused * sizeof(wordcode)) +
-		ecsoffs);
-    ret->npats = ecnpats;
-    ret->pats = (Patprog *) zhalloc(ret->len);
-    ret->prog = (Wordcode) (ret->pats + ecnpats);
-    ret->strs = (char *) (ret->prog + ecused);
-    ret->shf = NULL;
-    ret->heap = 1;
-    for (l = 0; l < ecnpats; l++)
-	ret->pats[l] = dummy_patprog1;
-    memcpy(ret->prog, ecbuf, ecused * sizeof(wordcode));
-    for (p = ecstrs, q = ret->strs; p; p = p->next, q += l) {
-	l = strlen(p->str) + 1;
-	memcpy(q, p->str, l);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
 /**/
 mod_export Eprog
 dupeprog(Eprog p)
@@ -2425,75 +2063,94 @@ freeeprogs(void)
 
 /**/
 char *
-ecgetstr(Estate s, int dup)
+ecgetstr(Estate s, int dup, int *tok)
 {
     static char buf[4];
     wordcode c = *s->pc++;
     char *r;
 
-    if (c == 0xfe000000)
+    if (c == 6 || c == 7)
 	r = "";
-    else if (c >= 0xff000000) {
-	buf[0] = (char) (c & 0xff);
-	buf[1] = (char) ((c >>  8) & 0xff);
-	buf[2] = (char) ((c >> 16) & 0xff);
+    else if (c & 2) {
+	buf[0] = (char) ((c >>  3) & 0xff);
+	buf[1] = (char) ((c >> 11) & 0xff);
+	buf[2] = (char) ((c >> 19) & 0xff);
 	buf[3] = '\0';
 	r = dupstring(buf);
-	dup = 0;
-    } else
-	r = s->strs + c;
-
-    return (dup ? dupstring(r) : r);
+	dup = EC_NODUP;
+    } else {
+	r = s->strs + (c >> 2);
+    }
+    if (tok)
+	*tok = (c & 1);
+    return ((dup == EC_DUP || (dup && (c & 1)))  ? dupstring(r) : r);
 }
 
 /**/
 char *
-ecrawstr(Eprog p, Wordcode pc)
+ecrawstr(Eprog p, Wordcode pc, int *tok)
 {
     static char buf[4];
     wordcode c = *pc;
 
-    if (c == 0xfe000000)
+    if (c == 6 || c == 7) {
+	if (tok)
+	    *tok = (c & 1);
 	return "";
-    else if (c >= 0xff000000) {
-	buf[0] = (char) (c & 0xff);
-	buf[1] = (char) ((c >>  8) & 0xff);
-	buf[2] = (char) ((c >> 16) & 0xff);
+    } else if (c & 2) {
+	buf[0] = (char) ((c >>  3) & 0xff);
+	buf[1] = (char) ((c >> 11) & 0xff);
+	buf[2] = (char) ((c >> 19) & 0xff);
 	buf[3] = '\0';
+	if (tok)
+	    *tok = (c & 1);
 	return buf;
-    } else
-	return p->strs + c;
+    } else {
+	if (tok)
+	    *tok = (c & 1);
+	return p->strs + (c >> 2);
+    }
 }
 
 /**/
 char **
-ecgetarr(Estate s, int num, int dup)
+ecgetarr(Estate s, int num, int dup, int *tok)
 {
     char **ret, **rp;
+    int tf = 0, tmp = 0;
 
     ret = rp = (char **) zhalloc((num + 1) * sizeof(char *));
 
-    while (num--)
-	*rp++ = ecgetstr(s, dup);
+    while (num--) {
+	*rp++ = ecgetstr(s, dup, &tmp);
+	tf |=  tmp;
+    }
     *rp = NULL;
+    if (tok)
+	*tok = tf;
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 /**/
 LinkList
-ecgetlist(Estate s, int num, int dup)
+ecgetlist(Estate s, int num, int dup, int *tok)
 {
     if (num) {
 	LinkList ret;
+	int i, tf = 0, tmp = 0;
 
-	ret = newlinklist();
-
-	while (num--)
-	    addlinknode(ret, ecgetstr(s, dup));
-
+	ret = newsizedlist(num);
+	for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+	    setsizednode(ret, i, ecgetstr(s, dup, &tmp));
+	    tf |= tmp;
+	}
+	if (tok)
+	    *tok = tf;
 	return ret;
     }
+    if (tok)
+	*tok = 0;
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -2509,7 +2166,7 @@ ecgetredirs(Estate s)
 
 	r->type = WC_REDIR_TYPE(code);
 	r->fd1 = *s->pc++;
-	r->name = ecgetstr(s, 1);
+	r->name = ecgetstr(s, EC_DUP, NULL);
 
 	addlinknode(ret, r);