zsh-3.1.5 zsh-3.1.5

1 files changed, 3599 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Src/builtin.c b/Src/builtin.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31f396d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Src/builtin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3599 @@
+/*
+ * builtin.c - builtin commands
+ *
+ * This file is part of zsh, the Z shell.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1992-1997 Paul Falstad
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
+ * license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+ * software and to distribute modified versions of this software for any
+ * purpose, provided that the above copyright notice and the following
+ * two paragraphs appear in all copies of this software.
+ *
+ * In no event shall Paul Falstad or the Zsh Development Group be liable
+ * to any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
+ * damages arising out of the use of this software and its documentation,
+ * even if Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group have been advised of
+ * the possibility of such damage.
+ *
+ * Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group specifically disclaim any
+ * warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
+ * merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.  The software
+ * provided hereunder is on an "as is" basis, and Paul Falstad and the
+ * Zsh Development Group have no obligation to provide maintenance,
+ * support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "zsh.mdh"
+#include "builtin.pro"
+
+/* Builtins in the main executable */
+
+static struct builtin builtins[] =
+{
+    BIN_PREFIX("-", BINF_DASH),
+    BIN_PREFIX("builtin", BINF_BUILTIN),
+    BIN_PREFIX("command", BINF_COMMAND),
+    BIN_PREFIX("exec", BINF_EXEC),
+    BIN_PREFIX("noglob", BINF_NOGLOB),
+    BUILTIN("[", 0, bin_test, 0, -1, BIN_BRACKET, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN(".", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_dot, 1, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN(":", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_true, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("alias", BINF_MAGICEQUALS, bin_alias, 0, -1, 0, "Lgmr", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("autoload", BINF_TYPEOPTS, bin_functions, 0, -1, 0, "t", "u"),
+    BUILTIN("bg", 0, bin_fg, 0, -1, BIN_BG, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("break", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_BREAK, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("bye", 0, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_EXIT, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("cd", 0, bin_cd, 0, 2, BIN_CD, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("chdir", 0, bin_cd, 0, 2, BIN_CD, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("continue", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_CONTINUE, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("declare", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, 0, "LRUZfilrtux", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("dirs", 0, bin_dirs, 0, -1, 0, "v", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("disable", 0, bin_enable, 0, -1, BIN_DISABLE, "afmr", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("disown", 0, bin_fg, 0, -1, BIN_DISOWN, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("echo", BINF_PRINTOPTS | BINF_ECHOPTS, bin_print, 0, -1, BIN_ECHO, "neE", "-"),
+    BUILTIN("echotc", 0, bin_echotc, 1, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("emulate", 0, bin_emulate, 1, 1, 0, "R", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("enable", 0, bin_enable, 0, -1, BIN_ENABLE, "afmr", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("eval", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_eval, 0, -1, BIN_EVAL, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("exit", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_EXIT, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("export", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, BIN_EXPORT, "LRUZfilrtu", "x"),
+    BUILTIN("false", 0, bin_false, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("fc", BINF_FCOPTS, bin_fc, 0, -1, BIN_FC, "nlreIRWAdDfEim", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("fg", 0, bin_fg, 0, -1, BIN_FG, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("functions", BINF_TYPEOPTS, bin_functions, 0, -1, 0, "mtu", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("getln", 0, bin_read, 0, -1, 0, "ecnAlE", "zr"),
+    BUILTIN("getopts", 0, bin_getopts, 2, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("hash", BINF_MAGICEQUALS, bin_hash, 0, -1, 0, "dfmrv", NULL),
+
+#ifdef ZSH_HASH_DEBUG
+    BUILTIN("hashinfo", 0, bin_hashinfo, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL),
+#endif
+
+    BUILTIN("history", 0, bin_fc, 0, -1, BIN_FC, "nrdDfEim", "l"),
+    BUILTIN("integer", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, 0, "lrtux", "i"),
+    BUILTIN("jobs", 0, bin_fg, 0, -1, BIN_JOBS, "dlpZrs", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("kill", 0, bin_kill, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("let", 0, bin_let, 1, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("local", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, 0, "LRUZilrtu", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("log", 0, bin_log, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("logout", 0, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_LOGOUT, NULL, NULL),
+
+#if defined(ZSH_MEM) & defined(ZSH_MEM_DEBUG)
+    BUILTIN("mem", 0, bin_mem, 0, 0, 0, "v", NULL),
+#endif
+
+    BUILTIN("popd", 0, bin_cd, 0, 2, BIN_POPD, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("print", BINF_PRINTOPTS, bin_print, 0, -1, BIN_PRINT, "RDPnrslzNu0123456789pioOcm-", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("pushd", 0, bin_cd, 0, 2, BIN_PUSHD, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("pushln", BINF_PRINTOPTS, bin_print, 0, -1, BIN_PRINT, NULL, "-nz"),
+    BUILTIN("pwd", 0, bin_pwd, 0, 0, 0, "rLP", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("r", BINF_R, bin_fc, 0, -1, BIN_FC, "nrl", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("read", 0, bin_read, 0, -1, 0, "rzu0123456789pkqecnAlE", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("readonly", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, 0, "LRUZfiltux", "r"),
+    BUILTIN("rehash", 0, bin_hash, 0, 0, 0, "dfv", "r"),
+    BUILTIN("return", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_break, 0, 1, BIN_RETURN, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("set", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_set, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("setopt", 0, bin_setopt, 0, -1, BIN_SETOPT, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("shift", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_shift, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("source", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_dot, 1, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("suspend", 0, bin_suspend, 0, 0, 0, "f", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("test", 0, bin_test, 0, -1, BIN_TEST, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("ttyctl", 0, bin_ttyctl, 0, 0, 0, "fu", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("times", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_times, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("trap", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_trap, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("true", 0, bin_true, 0, -1, 0, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("type", 0, bin_whence, 0, -1, 0, "ampfsw", "v"),
+    BUILTIN("typeset", BINF_TYPEOPTS | BINF_MAGICEQUALS | BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_typeset, 0, -1, 0, "LRUZfilrtuxm", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("umask", 0, bin_umask, 0, 1, 0, "S", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("unalias", 0, bin_unhash, 1, -1, 0, "m", "a"),
+    BUILTIN("unfunction", 0, bin_unhash, 1, -1, 0, "m", "f"),
+    BUILTIN("unhash", 0, bin_unhash, 1, -1, 0, "adfm", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("unset", BINF_PSPECIAL, bin_unset, 1, -1, 0, "fm", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("unsetopt", 0, bin_setopt, 0, -1, BIN_UNSETOPT, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("wait", 0, bin_fg, 0, -1, BIN_WAIT, NULL, NULL),
+    BUILTIN("whence", 0, bin_whence, 0, -1, 0, "acmpvfsw", NULL),
+    BUILTIN("where", 0, bin_whence, 0, -1, 0, "pmsw", "ca"),
+    BUILTIN("which", 0, bin_whence, 0, -1, 0, "ampsw", "c"),
+
+#ifdef DYNAMIC
+    BUILTIN("zmodload", 0, bin_zmodload, 0, -1, 0, "Laudi", NULL),
+#endif
+};
+
+/****************************************/
+/* Builtin Command Hash Table Functions */
+/****************************************/
+
+/* hash table containing builtin commands */
+
+/**/
+HashTable builtintab;
+ 
+/**/
+void
+createbuiltintable(void)
+{
+    builtintab = newhashtable(85, "builtintab", NULL);
+
+    builtintab->hash        = hasher;
+    builtintab->emptytable  = NULL;
+    builtintab->filltable   = NULL;
+    builtintab->addnode     = addhashnode;
+    builtintab->getnode     = gethashnode;
+    builtintab->getnode2    = gethashnode2;
+    builtintab->removenode  = removehashnode;
+    builtintab->disablenode = disablehashnode;
+    builtintab->enablenode  = enablehashnode;
+    builtintab->freenode    = freebuiltinnode;
+    builtintab->printnode   = printbuiltinnode;
+
+    addbuiltins("zsh", builtins, sizeof(builtins)/sizeof(*builtins));
+}
+
+/* Print a builtin */
+
+/**/
+static void
+printbuiltinnode(HashNode hn, int printflags)
+{
+    Builtin bn = (Builtin) hn;
+
+    if (printflags & PRINT_WHENCE_WORD) {
+	printf("%s: builtin\n", bn->nam);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (printflags & PRINT_WHENCE_CSH) {
+	printf("%s: shell built-in command\n", bn->nam);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (printflags & PRINT_WHENCE_VERBOSE) {
+	printf("%s is a shell builtin\n", bn->nam);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    /* default is name only */
+    printf("%s\n", bn->nam);
+}
+
+/**/
+static void
+freebuiltinnode(HashNode hn)
+{
+    Builtin bn = (Builtin) hn;
+ 
+    if(!(bn->flags & BINF_ADDED)) {
+	zsfree(bn->nam);
+	zsfree(bn->optstr);
+	zfree(bn, sizeof(struct builtin));
+    }
+}
+
+static char *auxdata;
+static int auxlen;
+
+/* execute a builtin handler function after parsing the arguments */
+
+#define MAX_OPS 128
+
+/**/
+int
+execbuiltin(LinkList args, Builtin bn)
+{
+    LinkNode n;
+    char ops[MAX_OPS], *arg, *pp, *name, **argv, **oargv, *optstr;
+    char *oxarg, *xarg = NULL;
+    int flags, sense, argc = 0, execop;
+
+    /* initialise some static variables */
+    auxdata = NULL;
+    auxlen = 0;
+
+    /* initialize some local variables */
+    memset(ops, 0, MAX_OPS);
+    name = (char *) ugetnode(args);
+
+    arg = (char *) ugetnode(args);
+
+#ifdef DYNAMIC
+    if (!bn->handlerfunc) {
+	zwarnnam(name, "autoload failed", NULL, 0);
+	deletebuiltin(bn->nam);
+	return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* get some information about the command */
+    flags = bn->flags;
+    optstr = bn->optstr;
+
+    /* Sort out the options. */
+    if ((flags & BINF_ECHOPTS) && isset(BSDECHO))
+	ops['E'] = 1;
+    if (optstr)
+	/* while arguments look like options ... */
+	while (arg &&
+	       ((sense = (*arg == '-')) ||
+		 ((flags & BINF_PLUSOPTS) && *arg == '+')) &&
+	       ((flags & BINF_PLUSOPTS) || !atoi(arg))) {
+	    /* unrecognised options to echo etc. are not really options */
+	    if (flags & BINF_ECHOPTS) {
+		char *p = arg;
+		while (*++p && strchr(optstr, (int) *p));
+		if (*p)
+		    break;
+	    }
+	    /* save the options in xarg, for execution tracing */
+	    if (xarg) {
+		oxarg = tricat(xarg, " ", arg);
+		zsfree(xarg);
+		xarg = oxarg;
+	    } else
+		xarg = ztrdup(arg);
+	    /* handle -- or - (ops['-']), and + (ops['-'] and ops['+']) */
+	    if (arg[1] == '-')
+		arg++;
+	    if (!arg[1]) {
+		ops['-'] = 1;
+		if (!sense)
+		    ops['+'] = 1;
+	    }
+	    /* save options in ops, as long as they are in bn->optstr */
+	    execop = -1;
+	    while (*++arg)
+		if (strchr(optstr, execop = (int)*arg))
+		    ops[(int)*arg] = (sense) ? 1 : 2;
+		else
+		    break;
+	    /* "typeset" may take a numeric argument *
+	     * at the tail of the options            */
+	    if (idigit(*arg) && (flags & BINF_TYPEOPT) &&
+		(arg[-1] == 'L' || arg[-1] == 'R' ||
+		 arg[-1] == 'Z' || arg[-1] == 'i'))
+		auxlen = (int)zstrtol(arg, &arg, 10);
+	    /* The above loop may have exited on an invalid option.  (We  *
+	     * assume that any option requiring metafication is invalid.) */
+	    if (*arg) {
+		if(*arg == Meta)
+		    *++arg ^= 32;
+		zerr("bad option: -%c", NULL, *arg);
+		zsfree(xarg);
+		return 1;
+	    }
+	    arg = (char *) ugetnode(args);
+	    /* for the "print" builtin, the options after -R are treated as
+	    options to "echo" */
+	    if ((flags & BINF_PRINTOPTS) && ops['R']) {
+		optstr = "ne";
+		flags |= BINF_ECHOPTS;
+	    }
+	    /* the option -- indicates the end of the options */
+	    if (ops['-'])
+		break;
+	    /* for "fc", -e takes an extra argument */
+	    if ((flags & BINF_FCOPTS) && execop == 'e') {
+		auxdata = arg;
+		arg = (char *) ugetnode(args);
+	    }
+	    /* for "typeset", -L, -R, -Z and -i take a numeric extra argument */
+	    if ((flags & BINF_TYPEOPT) && (execop == 'L' || execop == 'R' ||
+		execop == 'Z' || execop == 'i') && arg && idigit(*arg)) {
+		auxlen = atoi(arg);
+		arg = (char *) ugetnode(args);
+	    }
+	}
+    if (flags & BINF_R)
+	auxdata = "-";
+    /* handle built-in options, for overloaded handler functions */
+    if ((pp = bn->defopts))
+	while (*pp)
+	    ops[(int)*pp++] = 1;
+
+    /* Set up the argument list. */
+    if (arg) {
+	/* count the arguments */
+	argc = 1;
+	n = firstnode(args);
+	while (n)
+	    argc++, incnode(n);
+    }
+    /* Get the actual arguments, into argv.  Oargv saves the *
+     * beginning of the array for later reference.           */
+    oargv = argv = (char **)ncalloc(sizeof(char **) * (argc + 1));
+    if ((*argv++ = arg))
+	while ((*argv++ = (char *)ugetnode(args)));
+    argv = oargv;
+    if (errflag) {
+	zsfree(xarg);
+	errflag = 0;
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* check that the argument count lies within the specified bounds */
+    if (argc < bn->minargs || (argc > bn->maxargs && bn->maxargs != -1)) {
+	zwarnnam(name, (argc < bn->minargs)
+		? "not enough arguments" : "too many arguments", NULL, 0);
+	zsfree(xarg);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* display execution trace information, if required */
+    if (isset(XTRACE)) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s%s", (prompt4) ? prompt4 : "", name);
+	if (xarg)
+	    fprintf(stderr, " %s", xarg);
+	while (*oargv)
+	    fprintf(stderr, " %s", *oargv++);
+	fputc('\n', stderr);
+	fflush(stderr);
+    }
+    zsfree(xarg);
+    /* call the handler function, and return its return value */
+    return (*(bn->handlerfunc)) (name, argv, ops, bn->funcid);
+}
+
+/* Enable/disable an element in one of the internal hash tables.  *
+ * With no arguments, it lists all the currently enabled/disabled *
+ * elements in that particular hash table.                        */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_enable(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    HashTable ht;
+    HashNode hn;
+    ScanFunc scanfunc;
+    Comp com;
+    int flags1 = 0, flags2 = 0;
+    int match = 0, returnval = 0;
+
+    /* Find out which hash table we are working with. */
+    if (ops['f'])
+	ht = shfunctab;
+    else if (ops['r'])
+	ht = reswdtab;
+    else if (ops['a'])
+	ht = aliastab;
+    else
+	ht = builtintab;
+
+    /* Do we want to enable or disable? */
+    if (func == BIN_ENABLE) {
+	flags2 = DISABLED;
+	scanfunc = ht->enablenode;
+    } else {
+	flags1 = DISABLED;
+	scanfunc = ht->disablenode;
+    }
+
+    /* Given no arguments, print the names of the enabled/disabled elements  *
+     * in this hash table.  If func == BIN_ENABLE, then scanhashtable will   *
+     * print nodes NOT containing the DISABLED flag, else scanhashtable will *
+     * print nodes containing the DISABLED flag.                             */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	scanhashtable(ht, 1, flags1, flags2, ht->printnode, 0);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* With -m option, treat arguments as glob patterns. */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    /* parse pattern */
+	    tokenize(*argv);
+	    if ((com = parsereg(*argv)))
+		match += scanmatchtable(ht, com, 0, 0, scanfunc, 0);
+	    else {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	/* If we didn't match anything, we return 1. */
+	if (!match)
+	    returnval = 1;
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Take arguments literally -- do not glob */
+    for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    if ((hn = ht->getnode2(ht, *argv))) {
+		scanfunc(hn, 0);
+	    } else {
+		zwarnnam(name, "no such hash table element: %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/* set: either set the shell options, or set the shell arguments, *
+ * or declare an array, or show various things                    */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_set(char *nam, char **args, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int action, optno, array = 0, hadopt = 0,
+	hadplus = 0, hadend = 0, sort = 0;
+    char **x;
+
+    /* Obsolecent sh compatibility: set - is the same as set +xv *
+     * and set - args is the same as set +xv -- args             */
+    if (*args && **args == '-' && !args[0][1]) {
+	dosetopt(VERBOSE, 0, 0);
+	dosetopt(XTRACE, 0, 0);
+	if (!args[1])
+	    return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* loop through command line options (begins with "-" or "+") */
+    while (*args && (**args == '-' || **args == '+')) {
+	action = (**args == '-');
+	hadplus |= !action;
+	if(!args[0][1])
+	    *args = "--";
+	while (*++*args) {
+	    if(**args == Meta)
+		*++*args ^= 32;
+	    if(**args != '-' || action)
+		hadopt = 1;
+	    /* The pseudo-option `--' signifies the end of options. */
+	    if (**args == '-') {
+		hadend = 1;
+		args++;
+		goto doneoptions;
+	    } else if (**args == 'o') {
+		if (!*++*args)
+		    args++;
+		if (!*args) {
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "string expected after -o", NULL, 0);
+		    inittyptab();
+		    return 1;
+		}
+		if(!(optno = optlookup(*args)))
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "no such option: %s", *args, 0);
+		else if(dosetopt(optno, action, 0))
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "can't change option: %s", *args, 0);
+		break;
+	    } else if(**args == 'A') {
+		if(!*++*args)
+		    args++;
+		array = action ? 1 : -1;
+		goto doneoptions;
+	    } else if (**args == 's')
+		sort = action ? 1 : -1;
+	    else {
+	    	if (!(optno = optlookupc(**args)))
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "bad option: -%c", NULL, **args);
+		else if(dosetopt(optno, action, 0))
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "can't change option: -%c", NULL, **args);
+	    }
+	}
+	args++;
+    }
+    doneoptions:
+    inittyptab();
+
+    /* Show the parameters, possibly with values */
+    if (!hadopt && !*args)
+	scanhashtable(paramtab, 1, 0, 0, paramtab->printnode,
+	    hadplus ? PRINT_NAMEONLY : 0);
+
+    if (array && !*args) {
+	/* display arrays */
+	scanhashtable(paramtab, 1, PM_ARRAY, 0, paramtab->printnode,
+	    hadplus ? PRINT_NAMEONLY : 0);
+    }
+    if (!*args && !hadend)
+	return 0;
+    if (array)
+	args++;
+    if (sort)
+	qsort(args, arrlen(args), sizeof(char *),
+	      sort > 0 ? strpcmp : invstrpcmp);
+    if (array) {
+	/* create an array with the specified elements */
+	char **a = NULL, **y, *name = args[-1];
+	int len = arrlen(args);
+
+	if (array < 0 && (a = getaparam(name))) {
+	    int al = arrlen(a);
+
+	    if (al > len)
+		len = al;
+	}
+	for (x = y = zalloc((len + 1) * sizeof(char *)); len--; a++) {
+	    if (!*args)
+		args = a;
+	    *y++ = ztrdup(*args++);
+	}
+	*y++ = NULL;
+	setaparam(name, x);
+    } else {
+	/* set shell arguments */
+	freearray(pparams);
+	PERMALLOC {
+	    pparams = arrdup(args);
+	} LASTALLOC;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**** directory-handling builtins ****/
+
+/**/
+int doprintdir = 0;		/* set in exec.c (for autocd) */
+
+/* pwd: display the name of the current directory */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_pwd(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    if (ops['r'] || ops['P'] || (isset(CHASELINKS) && !ops['L']))
+	printf("%s\n", zgetcwd());
+    else {
+	zputs(pwd, stdout);
+	putchar('\n');
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* the directory stack */
+ 
+/**/
+LinkList dirstack;
+ 
+/* dirs: list the directory stack, or replace it with a provided list */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_dirs(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    LinkList l;
+
+    /* with the -v option, provide a numbered list of directories, starting at
+    zero */
+    if (ops['v']) {
+	LinkNode node;
+	int pos = 1;
+
+	printf("0\t");
+	fprintdir(pwd, stdout);
+	for (node = firstnode(dirstack); node; incnode(node)) {
+	    printf("\n%d\t", pos++);
+	    fprintdir(getdata(node), stdout);
+	}
+	putchar('\n');
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* given no arguments, list the stack normally */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	printdirstack();
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* replace the stack with the specified directories */
+    PERMALLOC {
+	l = newlinklist();
+	if (*argv) {
+	    while (*argv)
+		addlinknode(l, ztrdup(*argv++));
+	    freelinklist(dirstack, freestr);
+	    dirstack = l;
+	}
+    } LASTALLOC;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* cd, chdir, pushd, popd */
+
+/**/
+void
+set_pwd_env(void)
+{
+    Param pm;
+
+    pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "PWD");
+    if (pm && PM_TYPE(pm->flags) != PM_SCALAR) {
+	pm->flags &= ~PM_READONLY;
+	unsetparam_pm(pm, 0, 1);
+    }
+
+    pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "OLDPWD");
+    if (pm && PM_TYPE(pm->flags) != PM_SCALAR) {
+	pm->flags &= ~PM_READONLY;
+	unsetparam_pm(pm, 0, 1);
+    }
+
+    setsparam("PWD", ztrdup(pwd));
+    setsparam("OLDPWD", ztrdup(oldpwd));
+
+    pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "PWD");
+    if (!(pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED)) {
+	pm->flags |= PM_EXPORTED;
+	pm->env = addenv("PWD", pwd);
+    }
+    pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "OLDPWD");
+    if (!(pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED)) {
+	pm->flags |= PM_EXPORTED;
+	pm->env = addenv("PWD", pwd);
+    }
+}
+
+/* The main pwd changing function.  The real work is done by other     *
+ * functions.  cd_get_dest() does the initial argument processing;     *
+ * cd_do_chdir() actually changes directory, if possible; cd_new_pwd() *
+ * does the ancilliary processing associated with actually changing    *
+ * directory.                                                          */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_cd(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    LinkNode dir;
+    struct stat st1, st2;
+    int chaselinks;
+
+    if (isset(RESTRICTED)) {
+	zwarnnam(nam, "restricted", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    doprintdir = (doprintdir == -1);
+
+    for (; *argv && **argv == '-'; argv++) {
+	char *s = *argv + 1;
+
+	do {
+	    switch (*s) {
+	    case 's':
+	    case 'P':
+	    case 'L':
+		break;
+	    default:
+		goto brk;
+	    }
+	} while (*++s);
+	for (s = *argv; *++s; ops[*s] = 1);
+    }
+  brk:
+    chaselinks = ops['P'] || (isset(CHASELINKS) && !ops['L']);
+    PERMALLOC {
+	pushnode(dirstack, ztrdup(pwd));
+	if (!(dir = cd_get_dest(nam, argv, ops, func))) {
+	    zsfree(getlinknode(dirstack));
+	    LASTALLOC_RETURN 1;
+	}
+    } LASTALLOC;
+    cd_new_pwd(func, dir, chaselinks);
+
+    if (stat(unmeta(pwd), &st1) < 0) {
+	zsfree(pwd);
+	pwd = metafy(zgetcwd(), -1, META_DUP);
+    } else if (stat(".", &st2) < 0)
+	chdir(unmeta(pwd));
+    else if (st1.st_ino != st2.st_ino || st1.st_dev != st2.st_dev) {
+	if (chaselinks) {
+	    zsfree(pwd);
+	    pwd = metafy(zgetcwd(), -1, META_DUP);
+	} else {
+	    chdir(unmeta(pwd));
+	}
+    }
+    set_pwd_env();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Get directory to chdir to */
+
+/**/
+static LinkNode
+cd_get_dest(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    LinkNode dir = NULL;
+    LinkNode target;
+    char *dest;
+
+    if (!argv[0]) {
+	if (func == BIN_POPD && !nextnode(firstnode(dirstack))) {
+	    zwarnnam(nam, "directory stack empty", NULL, 0);
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	if (func == BIN_PUSHD && unset(PUSHDTOHOME))
+	    dir = nextnode(firstnode(dirstack));
+	if (dir)
+	    insertlinknode(dirstack, dir, getlinknode(dirstack));
+	else if (func != BIN_POPD)
+	    pushnode(dirstack, ztrdup(home));
+    } else if (!argv[1]) {
+	int dd;
+	char *end;
+
+	doprintdir++;
+	if (argv[0][1] && (argv[0][0] == '+' || argv[0][0] == '-')) {
+	    dd = zstrtol(argv[0] + 1, &end, 10); 
+	    if (*end == '\0') {
+		if ((argv[0][0] == '+') ^ isset(PUSHDMINUS))
+		    for (dir = firstnode(dirstack); dir && dd; dd--, incnode(dir));
+		else
+		    for (dir = lastnode(dirstack); dir != (LinkNode) dirstack && dd;
+			 dd--, dir = prevnode(dir)); 
+		if (!dir || dir == (LinkNode) dirstack) {
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "no such entry in dir stack", NULL, 0);
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	if (!dir)
+	    pushnode(dirstack, ztrdup(strcmp(argv[0], "-")
+				      ? (doprintdir--, argv[0]) : oldpwd));
+    } else {
+	char *u, *d;
+	int len1, len2, len3;
+
+	if (!(u = strstr(pwd, argv[0]))) {
+	    zwarnnam(nam, "string not in pwd: %s", argv[0], 0);
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	len1 = strlen(argv[0]);
+	len2 = strlen(argv[1]);
+	len3 = u - pwd;
+	d = (char *)zalloc(len3 + len2 + strlen(u + len1) + 1);
+	strncpy(d, pwd, len3);
+	strcpy(d + len3, argv[1]);
+	strcat(d, u + len1);
+	pushnode(dirstack, d);
+	doprintdir++;
+    }
+
+    target = dir;
+    if (func == BIN_POPD) {
+	if (!dir) {
+	    target = dir = firstnode(dirstack);
+	} else if (dir != firstnode(dirstack)) {
+	    return dir;
+	}
+	dir = nextnode(dir);
+    }
+    if (!dir) {
+	dir = firstnode(dirstack);
+    }
+    if (!(dest = cd_do_chdir(nam, getdata(dir), ops['s']))) {
+	if (!target)
+	    zsfree(getlinknode(dirstack));
+	if (func == BIN_POPD)
+	    zsfree(remnode(dirstack, dir));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    if (dest != getdata(dir)) {
+	zsfree(getdata(dir));
+	setdata(dir, dest);
+    }
+    return target ? target : dir;
+}
+
+/* Change to given directory, if possible.  This function works out  *
+ * exactly how the directory should be interpreted, including cdpath *
+ * and CDABLEVARS.  For each possible interpretation of the given    *
+ * path, this calls cd_try_chdir(), which attempts to chdir to that  *
+ * particular path.                                                  */
+
+/**/
+static char *
+cd_do_chdir(char *cnam, char *dest, int hard)
+{
+    char **pp, *ret;
+    int hasdot = 0, eno = ENOENT;
+    /* nocdpath indicates that cdpath should not be used.  This is the case iff
+    dest is a relative path whose first segment is . or .., but if the path is
+    absolute then cdpath won't be used anyway. */
+    int nocdpath = dest[0] == '.' &&
+    (dest[1] == '/' || !dest[1] || (dest[1] == '.' &&
+				    (dest[2] == '/' || !dest[2])));
+
+    /* if we have an absolute path, use it as-is only */
+    if (*dest == '/') {
+	if ((ret = cd_try_chdir(NULL, dest, hard)))
+	    return ret;
+	zwarnnam(cnam, "%e: %s", dest, errno);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* if cdpath is being used, check it for . */
+    if (!nocdpath)
+	for (pp = cdpath; *pp; pp++)
+	    if (!(*pp)[0] || ((*pp)[0] == '.' && (*pp)[1] == '\0'))
+		hasdot = 1;
+    /* if there is no . in cdpath (or it is not being used), try the directory
+    as-is (i.e. from .) */
+    if (!hasdot) {
+	if ((ret = cd_try_chdir(NULL, dest, hard)))
+	    return ret;
+	if (errno != ENOENT)
+	    eno = errno;
+    }
+    /* if cdpath is being used, try given directory relative to each element in
+    cdpath in turn */
+    if (!nocdpath)
+	for (pp = cdpath; *pp; pp++) {
+	    if ((ret = cd_try_chdir(*pp, dest, hard))) {
+		if (strcmp(*pp, ".")) {
+		    doprintdir++;
+		}
+		return ret;
+	    }
+	    if (errno != ENOENT)
+		eno = errno;
+	}
+
+    /* handle the CDABLEVARS option */
+    if ((ret = cd_able_vars(dest))) {
+	if ((ret = cd_try_chdir(NULL, ret,hard))) {
+	    doprintdir++;
+	    return ret;
+	}
+	if (errno != ENOENT)
+	    eno = errno;
+    }
+
+    /* If we got here, it means that we couldn't chdir to any of the
+    multitudinous possible paths allowed by zsh.  We've run out of options!
+    Add more here! */
+    zwarnnam(cnam, "%e: %s", dest, eno);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* If the CDABLEVARS option is set, return the new *
+ * interpretation of the given path.               */
+
+/**/
+char *
+cd_able_vars(char *s)
+{
+    char *rest, save;
+
+    if (isset(CDABLEVARS)) {
+	for (rest = s; *rest && *rest != '/'; rest++);
+	save = *rest;
+	*rest = 0;
+	s = getnameddir(s);
+	*rest = save;
+
+	if (s && *rest)
+	    s = dyncat(s, rest);
+
+	return s;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Attempt to change to a single given directory.  The directory,    *
+ * for the convenience of the calling function, may be provided in   *
+ * two parts, which must be concatenated before attempting to chdir. *
+ * Returns NULL if the chdir fails.  If the directory change is      *
+ * possible, it is performed, and a pointer to the new full pathname *
+ * is returned.                                                      */
+
+/**/
+static char *
+cd_try_chdir(char *pfix, char *dest, int hard)
+{
+    char *buf;
+
+    /* handle directory prefix */
+    if (pfix && *pfix) {
+	if (*pfix == '/')
+	    buf = tricat(pfix, "/", dest);
+	else {
+	    int pwl = strlen(pwd);
+	    int pfl = strlen(pfix);
+
+	    buf = zalloc(pwl + pfl + strlen(dest) + 3);
+	    strcpy(buf, pwd);
+	    buf[pwl] = '/';
+	    strcpy(buf + pwl + 1, pfix);
+	    buf[pwl + 1 + pfl] = '/';
+	    strcpy(buf + pwl + pfl + 2, dest);
+	}
+    } else if (*dest == '/')
+	buf = ztrdup(dest);
+    else {
+	int pwl = strlen(pwd);
+
+	buf = zalloc(pwl + strlen(dest) + 2);
+	strcpy(buf, pwd);
+	buf[pwl] = '/';
+	strcpy(buf + pwl + 1, dest);
+    }
+
+    /* Normalise path.  See the definition of fixdir() for what this means. */
+    fixdir(buf);
+
+    if (lchdir(buf, NULL, hard)) {
+	zsfree(buf);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    return metafy(buf, -1, META_NOALLOC);
+}
+
+/* do the extra processing associated with changing directory */
+
+/**/
+static void
+cd_new_pwd(int func, LinkNode dir, int chaselinks)
+{
+    Param pm;
+    List l;
+    char *new_pwd, *s;
+    int dirstacksize;
+
+    if (func == BIN_PUSHD)
+	rolllist(dirstack, dir);
+    new_pwd = remnode(dirstack, dir);
+
+    if (func == BIN_POPD && firstnode(dirstack)) {
+	zsfree(new_pwd);
+	new_pwd = getlinknode(dirstack);
+    } else if (func == BIN_CD && unset(AUTOPUSHD))
+	zsfree(getlinknode(dirstack));
+
+    if (chaselinks) {
+	s = new_pwd;
+	new_pwd = findpwd(s);
+	zsfree(s);
+    }
+    if (isset(PUSHDIGNOREDUPS)) {
+	LinkNode n; 
+	for (n = firstnode(dirstack); n; incnode(n)) {
+	    if (!strcmp(new_pwd, getdata(n))) {
+		zsfree(remnode(dirstack, n));
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* shift around the pwd variables, to make oldpwd and pwd relate to the
+    current (i.e. new) pwd */
+    zsfree(oldpwd);
+    oldpwd = pwd;
+    pwd = new_pwd;
+    /* update the PWD and OLDPWD shell parameters */
+    if ((pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "PWD")) &&
+	(pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED) && pm->env)
+	pm->env = replenv(pm->env, pwd);
+    if ((pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, "OLDPWD")) &&
+	(pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED) && pm->env)
+	pm->env = replenv(pm->env, oldpwd);
+    if (unset(PUSHDSILENT) && func != BIN_CD && isset(INTERACTIVE))
+	printdirstack();
+    else if (doprintdir) {
+	fprintdir(pwd, stdout);
+        putchar('\n');
+    }
+
+    /* execute the chpwd function */
+    if ((l = getshfunc("chpwd")) != &dummy_list) {
+	fflush(stdout);
+	fflush(stderr);
+	doshfunc(l, NULL, 0, 1);
+    }
+
+    dirstacksize = getiparam("DIRSTACKSIZE");
+    /* handle directory stack sizes out of range */
+    if (dirstacksize > 0) {
+	int remove = countlinknodes(dirstack) -
+		     (dirstacksize < 2 ? 2 : dirstacksize);
+	while (remove-- >= 0)
+	    zsfree(remnode(dirstack, lastnode(dirstack)));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Print the directory stack */
+
+/**/
+static void
+printdirstack(void)
+{
+    LinkNode node;
+
+    fprintdir(pwd, stdout);
+    for (node = firstnode(dirstack); node; incnode(node)) {
+	putchar(' ');
+	fprintdir(getdata(node), stdout);
+    }
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+/* Normalise a path.  Segments consisting of ., and foo/.. *
+ * combinations, are removed and the path is unmetafied.   */
+
+/**/
+static void
+fixdir(char *src)
+{
+    char *dest = src;
+    char *d0 = dest;
+
+/*** if have RFS superroot directory ***/
+#ifdef HAVE_SUPERROOT
+    /* allow /.. segments to remain */
+    while (*src == '/' && src[1] == '.' && src[2] == '.' &&
+      (!src[3] || src[3] == '/')) {
+	*dest++ = '/';
+	*dest++ = '.';
+	*dest++ = '.';
+	src += 3;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    for (;;) {
+	/* compress multiple /es into single */
+	if (*src == '/') {
+	    *dest++ = *src++;
+	    while (*src == '/')
+		src++;
+	}
+	/* if we are at the end of the input path, remove a trailing / (if it
+	exists), and return ct */
+	if (!*src) {
+	    while (dest > d0 + 1 && dest[-1] == '/')
+		dest--;
+	    *dest = '\0';
+	    return;
+	}
+	if (dest > d0 + 1 && src[0] == '.' && src[1] == '.' &&
+	  (src[2] == '\0' || src[2] == '/')) {
+	    /* remove a foo/.. combination */
+	    for (dest--; dest > d0 + 1 && dest[-1] != '/'; dest--);
+	    if (dest[-1] != '/')
+		dest--;
+	    src++;
+	    while (*++src == '/');
+	} else if (src[0] == '.' && (src[1] == '/' || src[1] == '\0')) {
+	    /* skip a . section */
+	    while (*++src == '/');
+	} else {
+	    /* copy a normal segment into the output */
+	    while (*src != '/' && *src != '\0')
+		if ((*dest++ = *src++) == Meta)
+		    dest[-1] = *src++ ^ 32;
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+printqt(char *str)
+{
+    /* Print str, but turn any single quote into '\'' or ''. */
+    for (; *str; str++)
+	if (*str == '\'')
+	    printf(isset(RCQUOTES) ? "''" : "'\\''");
+	else
+	    putchar(*str);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+printif(char *str, int c)
+{
+    /* If flag c has an argument, print that */
+    if (str) {
+	printf(" -%c ", c);
+	quotedzputs(str, stdout);
+    }
+}
+
+/**** history list functions ****/
+
+/* fc, history, r */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_fc(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int first = -1, last = -1, retval, minflag = 0;
+    char *s;
+    struct asgment *asgf = NULL, *asgl = NULL;
+    Comp com = NULL;
+
+    /* fc is only permitted in interactive shells */
+    if (!interact) {
+	zwarnnam(nam, "not interactive shell", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    /* with the -m option, the first argument is taken *
+     * as a pattern that history lines have to match   */
+    if (*argv && ops['m']) {
+	tokenize(*argv);
+	if (!(com = parsereg(*argv++))) {
+	    zwarnnam(nam, "invalid match pattern", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+    if (ops['R']) {
+	/* read history from a file */
+	readhistfile(*argv ? *argv : getsparam("HISTFILE"), 1);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if (ops['W']) {
+	/* write history to a file */
+	savehistfile(*argv ? *argv : getsparam("HISTFILE"), 1,
+		     (ops['I'] ? 2 : 0));
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if (ops['A']) {
+	/* append history to a file */
+	savehistfile(*argv ? *argv : getsparam("HISTFILE"), 1,
+		     (ops['I'] ? 3 : 1));
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if (!(ops['l'] && unset(HISTNOSTORE)))
+	remhist();
+    /* put foo=bar type arguments into the substitution list */
+    while (*argv && equalsplit(*argv, &s)) {
+	Asgment a = (Asgment) alloc(sizeof *a);
+
+	if (!asgf)
+	    asgf = asgl = a;
+	else {
+	    asgl->next = a;
+	    asgl = a;
+	}
+	a->name = *argv;
+	a->value = s;
+	argv++;
+    }
+    /* interpret and check first history line specifier */
+    if (*argv) {
+	minflag = **argv == '-';
+	first = fcgetcomm(*argv);
+	if (first == -1)
+	    return 1;
+	argv++;
+    }
+    /* interpret and check second history line specifier */
+    if (*argv) {
+	last = fcgetcomm(*argv);
+	if (last == -1)
+	    return 1;
+	argv++;
+    }
+    /* There is a maximum of two history specifiers.  At least, there *
+     * will be as long as the history list is one-dimensional.        */
+    if (*argv) {
+	zwarnnam("fc", "too many arguments", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    /* default values of first and last, and range checking */
+    if (first == -1)
+	first = (ops['l']) ? curhist - 16 : curhist - 1;
+    if (last == -1)
+	last = (ops['l']) ? curhist - 1 : first;
+    if (first < firsthist())
+	first = firsthist();
+    if (last == -1)
+	last = (minflag) ? curhist : first;
+    else if (last < first)
+	last = first;
+    if (ops['l'])
+	/* list the required part of the history */
+	retval = fclist(stdout, !ops['n'], ops['r'], ops['D'],
+			ops['d'] + ops['f'] * 2 + ops['E'] * 4 + ops['i'] * 8,
+			first, last, asgf, com);
+    else {
+	/* edit history file, and (if successful) use the result as a new command */
+	int tempfd;
+	FILE *out;
+	char *fil;
+
+	retval = 1;
+	fil = gettempname();
+	if (((tempfd = open(fil, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_NOCTTY, 0600))
+	    == -1) ||
+		((out = fdopen(tempfd, "w")) == NULL)) {
+	    zwarnnam("fc", "can't open temp file: %e", NULL, errno);
+	} else {
+	    if (!fclist(out, 0, ops['r'], 0, 0, first, last, asgf, com)) {
+		char *editor;
+
+		editor = auxdata ? auxdata : getsparam("FCEDIT");
+		if (!editor)
+		    editor = DEFAULT_FCEDIT;
+
+		if (fcedit(editor, fil))
+		    if (stuff(fil))
+			zwarnnam("fc", "%e: %s", s, errno);
+		    else {
+			loop(0,1);
+			retval = lastval;
+		    }
+	    }
+	}
+	unlink(fil);
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/* History handling functions: these are called by ZLE, as well as  *
+ * the actual builtins.  fcgetcomm() gets a history line, specified *
+ * either by number or leading string.  fcsubs() performs a given   *
+ * set of simple old=new substitutions on a given command line.     *
+ * fclist() outputs a given range of history lines to a text file.  */
+
+/* get the history event associated with s */
+
+/**/
+static int
+fcgetcomm(char *s)
+{
+    int cmd;
+
+    /* First try to match a history number.  Negative *
+     * numbers indicate reversed numbering.           */
+    if ((cmd = atoi(s))) {
+	if (cmd < 0)
+	    cmd = curhist + cmd;
+	if (cmd >= curhist) {
+	    zwarnnam("fc", "bad history number: %d", 0, cmd);
+	    return -1;
+	}
+	return cmd;
+    }
+    /* not a number, so search by string */
+    cmd = hcomsearch(s);
+    if (cmd == -1)
+	zwarnnam("fc", "event not found: %s", s, 0);
+    return cmd;
+}
+
+/* Perform old=new substituions.  Uses the asgment structure from zsh.h, *
+ * which is essentially a linked list of string,replacement pairs.       */
+
+/**/
+static int
+fcsubs(char **sp, struct asgment *sub)
+{
+    char *oldstr, *newstr, *oldpos, *newpos, *newmem, *s = *sp;
+    int subbed = 0;
+
+    /* loop through the linked list */
+    while (sub) {
+	oldstr = sub->name;
+	newstr = sub->value;
+	sub = sub->next;
+	oldpos = s;
+	/* loop over occurences of oldstr in s, replacing them with newstr */
+	while ((newpos = (char *)strstr(oldpos, oldstr))) {
+	    newmem = (char *) alloc(1 + (newpos - s)
+			+ strlen(newstr) + strlen(newpos + strlen(oldstr)));
+	    ztrncpy(newmem, s, newpos - s);
+	    strcat(newmem, newstr);
+	    oldpos = newmem + strlen(newmem);
+	    strcat(newmem, newpos + strlen(oldstr));
+	    s = newmem;
+	    subbed = 1;
+	}
+    }
+    *sp = s;
+    return subbed;
+}
+
+/* Print a series of history events to a file.  The file pointer is     *
+ * given by f, and the required range of events by first and last.      *
+ * subs is an optional list of foo=bar substitutions to perform on the  *
+ * history lines before output.  com is an optional comp structure      *
+ * that the history lines are required to match.  n, r, D and d are     *
+ * options: n indicates that each line should be numbered.  r indicates *
+ * that the lines should be output in reverse order (newest first).     *
+ * D indicates that the real time taken by each command should be       *
+ * output.  d indicates that the time of execution of each command      *
+ * should be output; d>1 means that the date should be output too; d>3  *
+ * means that mm/dd/yyyy form should be used for the dates, as opposed  *
+ * to dd.mm.yyyy form; d>7 means that yyyy-mm-dd form should be used.   */
+
+/**/
+static int
+fclist(FILE *f, int n, int r, int D, int d, int first, int last, struct asgment *subs, Comp com)
+{
+    int fclistdone = 0;
+    char *s, *hs;
+    Histent ent;
+
+    /* reverse range if required */
+    if (r) {
+	r = last;
+	last = first;
+	first = r;
+    }
+    /* suppress "no substitution" warning if no substitution is requested */
+    if (!subs)
+	fclistdone = 1;
+
+    for (;;) {
+	hs = quietgetevent(first);
+	if (!hs) {
+	    zwarnnam("fc", "no such event: %d", NULL, first);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	s = dupstring(hs);
+	/* this if does the pattern matching, if required */
+	if (!com || domatch(s, com, 0)) {
+	    /* perform substitution */
+	    fclistdone |= fcsubs(&s, subs);
+
+	    /* do numbering */
+	    if (n)
+		fprintf(f, "%5d  ", first);
+	    ent = NULL;
+	    /* output actual time (and possibly date) of execution of the
+	    command, if required */
+	    if (d) {
+		struct tm *ltm;
+		if (!ent)
+		    ent = gethistent(first);
+		ltm = localtime(&ent->stim);
+		if (d >= 2) {
+		    if (d >= 8) {
+			fprintf(f, "%d-%02d-%02d ",
+				ltm->tm_year + 1900,
+				ltm->tm_mon + 1, ltm->tm_mday);
+		    } else if (d >= 4) {
+			fprintf(f, "%d.%d.%d ",
+				ltm->tm_mday, ltm->tm_mon + 1,
+				ltm->tm_year + 1900);
+		    } else {
+			fprintf(f, "%d/%d/%d ",
+				ltm->tm_mon + 1, ltm->tm_mday,
+				ltm->tm_year + 1900);
+		    }
+		}
+		fprintf(f, "%02d:%02d  ", ltm->tm_hour, ltm->tm_min);
+	    }
+	    /* display the time taken by the command, if required */
+	    if (D) {
+		long diff;
+		if (!ent)
+		    ent = gethistent(first);
+		diff = (ent->ftim) ? ent->ftim - ent->stim : 0;
+		fprintf(f, "%ld:%02ld  ", diff / 60, diff % 60);
+	    }
+
+	    /* output the command */
+	    if (f == stdout) {
+		nicezputs(s, f);
+		putc('\n', f);
+	    } else
+		fprintf(f, "%s\n", s);
+	}
+	/* move on to the next history line, or quit the loop */
+	if (first == last)
+	    break;
+	else if (first > last)
+	    first--;
+	else
+	    first++;
+    }
+
+    /* final processing */
+    if (f != stdout)
+	fclose(f);
+    if (!fclistdone) {
+	zwarnnam("fc", "no substitutions performed", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* edit a history file */
+
+/**/
+static int
+fcedit(char *ename, char *fn)
+{
+    char *s;
+
+    if (!strcmp(ename, "-"))
+	return 1;
+
+    s = tricat(ename, " ", fn);
+    execstring(s, 1, 0);
+    zsfree(s);
+
+    return !lastval;
+}
+
+/**** parameter builtins ****/
+
+/* Separate an argument into name=value parts, returning them in an     *
+ * asgment structure.  Because the asgment structure used is global,    *
+ * only one of these can be active at a time.  The string s gets placed *
+ * in this global structure, so it needs to be in permanent memory.     */
+
+/**/
+static Asgment
+getasg(char *s)
+{
+    static struct asgment asg;
+
+    /* sanity check for valid argument */
+    if (!s)
+	return NULL;
+
+    /* check if name is empty */
+    if (*s == '=') {
+	zerr("bad assignment", NULL, 0);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    asg.name = s;
+
+    /* search for `=' */
+    for (; *s && *s != '='; s++);
+
+    /* found `=', so return with a value */
+    if (*s) {
+	*s = '\0';
+	asg.value = s + 1;
+    } else {
+    /* didn't find `=', so we only have a name */
+	asg.value = NULL;
+    }
+    return &asg;
+}
+
+/* declare, export, integer, local, readonly, typeset */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_typeset(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    Param pm;
+    Asgment asg;
+    Comp com;
+    char *optstr = "iLRZlurtxU";
+    int on = 0, off = 0, roff, bit = PM_INTEGER;
+    int initon, initoff, of, i;
+    int returnval = 0, printflags = 0;
+
+    /* hash -f is really the builtin `functions' */
+    if (ops['f'])
+	return bin_functions(name, argv, ops, func);
+
+    /* Translate the options into PM_* flags.   *
+     * Unfortunately, this depends on the order *
+     * these flags are defined in zsh.h         */
+    for (; *optstr; optstr++, bit <<= 1)
+	if (ops[*optstr] == 1)
+	    on |= bit;
+	else if (ops[*optstr] == 2)
+	    off |= bit;
+    roff = off;
+
+    /* Sanity checks on the options.  Remove conficting options. */
+    if (on & PM_INTEGER)
+	off |= PM_RIGHT_B | PM_LEFT | PM_RIGHT_Z | PM_UPPER | PM_ARRAY;
+    if (on & PM_LEFT)
+	off |= PM_RIGHT_B | PM_INTEGER;
+    if (on & PM_RIGHT_B)
+	off |= PM_LEFT | PM_INTEGER;
+    if (on & PM_RIGHT_Z)
+	off |= PM_INTEGER;
+    if (on & PM_UPPER)
+	off |= PM_LOWER;
+    if (on & PM_LOWER)
+	off |= PM_UPPER;
+    on &= ~off;
+
+    /* Given no arguments, list whatever the options specify. */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	if (!(on|roff))
+	    printflags |= PRINT_TYPE;
+	if (roff || ops['+'])
+	    printflags |= PRINT_NAMEONLY;
+	scanhashtable(paramtab, 1, on|roff, 0, paramtab->printnode, printflags);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* With the -m option, treat arguments as glob patterns */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	while ((asg = getasg(*argv++))) {
+	    tokenize(asg->name);   /* expand argument */
+	    if (!(com = parsereg(asg->name))) {
+		untokenize(asg->name);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", argv[-1], 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    /* If no options or values are given, display all *
+	     * parameters matching the glob pattern.          */
+	    if (!(on || roff || asg->value)) {
+		scanmatchtable(paramtab, com, 0, 0, paramtab->printnode, 0);
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    /* Since either options or values are given, we search   *
+	     * through the parameter table and change all parameters *
+	     * matching the glob pattern to have these flags and/or  *
+	     * value.                                                */
+	    for (i = 0; i < paramtab->hsize; i++) {
+		for (pm = (Param) paramtab->nodes[i]; pm; pm = (Param) pm->next) {
+		    if ((pm->flags & PM_RESTRICTED) && isset(RESTRICTED))
+			continue;
+		    if (domatch(pm->nam, com, 0)) {
+			/* set up flags if we have any */
+			if (on || roff) {
+			    if (PM_TYPE(pm->flags) == PM_ARRAY && (on & PM_UNIQUE) &&
+				!(pm->flags & PM_READONLY & ~off))
+				uniqarray((*pm->gets.afn) (pm));
+			    pm->flags = (pm->flags | on) & ~off;
+			    if (PM_TYPE(pm->flags) != PM_ARRAY) {
+				if ((on & (PM_LEFT | PM_RIGHT_B | PM_RIGHT_Z | PM_INTEGER)) && auxlen)
+				    pm->ct = auxlen;
+				/* did we just export this? */
+				if ((pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED) && !pm->env) {
+				    pm->env = addenv(pm->nam, (asg->value) ? asg->value : getsparam(pm->nam));
+				} else if (!(pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED) && pm->env) {
+				/* did we just unexport this? */
+				    delenv(pm->env);
+				    zsfree(pm->env);
+				    pm->env = NULL;
+				}
+			    }
+			}
+			/* set up a new value if given */
+			if (asg->value) {
+			    setsparam(pm->nam, ztrdup(asg->value));
+			}
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Save the values of on, off, and func */
+    initon = on;
+    initoff = off;
+    of = func;
+
+    /* Take arguments literally.  Don't glob */
+    while ((asg = getasg(*argv++))) {
+	/* restore the original values of on, off, and func */
+	on = initon;
+	off = initoff;
+	func = of;
+	on &= ~PM_ARRAY;
+
+	/* check if argument is a valid identifier */
+	if (!isident(asg->name)) {
+	    zerr("not an identifier: %s", asg->name, 0);
+	    returnval = 1;
+	    continue;
+	}
+	bit = 0;    /* flag for switching int<->not-int */
+	if ((pm = (Param)paramtab->getnode(paramtab, asg->name)) &&
+	    (((pm->flags & PM_SPECIAL) && pm->level == locallevel) ||
+	     (!(pm->flags & PM_UNSET) &&
+	      ((locallevel == pm->level) || func == BIN_EXPORT) &&
+	      !(bit = ((off & pm->flags) | (on & ~pm->flags)) & PM_INTEGER)))) {
+	    /* if no flags or values are given, just print this parameter */
+	    if (!on && !roff && !asg->value) {
+		paramtab->printnode((HashNode) pm, 0);
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if ((pm->flags & PM_RESTRICTED) && isset(RESTRICTED)) {
+		zerrnam(name, "%s: restricted", pm->nam, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if((pm->flags & PM_SPECIAL) &&
+	       PM_TYPE((pm->flags | on) & ~off) != PM_TYPE(pm->flags)) {
+		zerrnam(name, "%s: cannot change type of a special parameter",
+		    pm->nam, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (PM_TYPE(pm->flags) == PM_ARRAY && (on & PM_UNIQUE) &&
+		!(pm->flags & PM_READONLY & ~off))
+		uniqarray((*pm->gets.afn) (pm));
+	    pm->flags = (pm->flags | on) & ~off;
+	    if ((on & (PM_LEFT | PM_RIGHT_B | PM_RIGHT_Z | PM_INTEGER)) &&
+		auxlen)
+		pm->ct = auxlen;
+	    if (PM_TYPE(pm->flags) != PM_ARRAY) {
+		if (pm->flags & PM_EXPORTED) {
+		    if (!(pm->flags & PM_UNSET) && !pm->env && !asg->value)
+			pm->env = addenv(asg->name, getsparam(asg->name));
+		} else if (pm->env) {
+		    delenv(pm->env);
+		    zsfree(pm->env);
+		    pm->env = NULL;
+		}
+		if (asg->value)
+		    setsparam(asg->name, ztrdup(asg->value));
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    if (bit) {
+		if (pm->flags & PM_READONLY) {
+		    on |= ~off & PM_READONLY;
+		    pm->flags &= ~PM_READONLY;
+		}
+		if (!asg->value)
+		    asg->value = dupstring(getsparam(asg->name));
+		unsetparam(asg->name);
+	    }
+	    /* create a new node for a parameter with the *
+	     * flags in `on' minus the readonly flag      */
+	    pm = createparam(ztrdup(asg->name), on & ~PM_READONLY);
+	    DPUTS(!pm, "BUG: parameter not created");
+	    pm->ct = auxlen;
+	    if (func != BIN_EXPORT)
+		pm->level = locallevel;
+	    if (asg->value)
+		setsparam(asg->name, ztrdup(asg->value));
+	    pm->flags |= (on & PM_READONLY);
+	}
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/* Display or change the attributes of shell functions.   *
+ * If called as autoload, it will define a new autoloaded *
+ * (undefined) shell function.                            */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_functions(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    Comp com;
+    Shfunc shf;
+    int i, returnval = 0;
+    int on = 0, off = 0;
+
+    /* Do we have any flags defined? */
+    if (ops['u'] || ops['t']) {
+	if (ops['u'] == 1)
+	    on |= PM_UNDEFINED;
+	else if (ops['u'] == 2)
+	    off |= PM_UNDEFINED;
+
+	if (ops['t'] == 1)
+	    on |= PM_TAGGED;
+	else if (ops['t'] == 2)
+	    off |= PM_TAGGED;
+    }
+
+    if (off & PM_UNDEFINED) {
+	zwarnnam(name, "invalid option(s)", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* If no arguments given, we will print functions.  If flags *
+     * are given, we will print only functions containing these  *
+     * flags, else we'll print them all.                         */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	scanhashtable(shfunctab, 1, on|off, DISABLED, shfunctab->printnode, 0);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* With the -m option, treat arguments as glob patterns */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	on &= ~PM_UNDEFINED;
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    /* expand argument */
+	    tokenize(*argv);
+	    if ((com = parsereg(*argv))) {
+		/* with no options, just print all functions matching the glob pattern */
+		if (!(on|off)) {
+		    scanmatchtable(shfunctab, com, 0, DISABLED, shfunctab->printnode, 0);
+		} else {
+		/* apply the options to all functions matching the glob pattern */
+		    for (i = 0; i < shfunctab->hsize; i++) {
+			for (shf = (Shfunc) shfunctab->nodes[i]; shf; shf = (Shfunc) shf->next)
+			    if (domatch(shf->nam, com, 0) && !(shf->flags & DISABLED))
+				shf->flags = (shf->flags | on) & (~off);
+		    }
+		}
+	    } else {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Take the arguments literally -- do not glob */
+    for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	if ((shf = (Shfunc) shfunctab->getnode(shfunctab, *argv))) {
+	    /* if any flag was given */
+	    if (on|off)
+		/* turn on/off the given flags */
+		shf->flags = (shf->flags | (on & ~PM_UNDEFINED)) & ~off;
+	    else
+		/* no flags, so just print */
+		shfunctab->printnode((HashNode) shf, 0);
+	} else if (on & PM_UNDEFINED) {
+	    /* Add a new undefined (autoloaded) function to the *
+	     * hash table with the corresponding flags set.     */
+	    shf = (Shfunc) zcalloc(sizeof *shf);
+	    shf->flags = on;
+	    shf->funcdef = mkautofn(shf);
+	    shfunctab->addnode(shfunctab, ztrdup(*argv), shf);
+	} else
+	    returnval = 1;
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/**/
+static List
+mkautofn(Shfunc shf)
+{
+    List l;
+    Sublist s;
+    Pline p;
+    Cmd c;
+    AutoFn a;
+    PERMALLOC {
+	a = (AutoFn)allocnode(N_AUTOFN);
+	a->shf = shf;
+	c = (Cmd)allocnode(N_CMD);
+	c->type = AUTOFN;
+	c->u.autofn = a;
+	p = (Pline)allocnode(N_PLINE);
+	p->left = c;
+	p->type = END;
+	s = (Sublist)allocnode(N_SUBLIST);
+	s->left = p;
+	l = (List)allocnode(N_LIST);
+	l->left = s;
+	l->type = Z_SYNC;
+    } LASTALLOC;
+    return l;
+}
+
+/* unset: unset parameters */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_unset(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    Param pm, next;
+    Comp com;
+    char *s;
+    int match = 0, returnval = 0;
+    int i;
+
+    /* unset -f is the same as unfunction */
+    if (ops['f'])
+	return bin_unhash(name, argv, ops, func);
+
+    /* with -m option, treat arguments as glob patterns */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	while ((s = *argv++)) {
+	    /* expand */
+	    tokenize(s);
+	    if ((com = parsereg(s))) {
+		/* Go through the parameter table, and unset any matches */
+		for (i = 0; i < paramtab->hsize; i++) {
+		    for (pm = (Param) paramtab->nodes[i]; pm; pm = next) {
+			/* record pointer to next, since we may free this one */
+			next = (Param) pm->next;
+			if ((!(pm->flags & PM_RESTRICTED) ||
+			    unset(RESTRICTED)) && domatch(pm->nam, com, 0)) {
+			    unsetparam(pm->nam);
+			    match++;
+			}
+		    }
+		}
+	    } else {
+		untokenize(s);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", s, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	/* If we didn't match anything, we return 1. */
+	if (!match)
+	    returnval = 1;
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* do not glob -- unset the given parameter */
+    while ((s = *argv++)) {
+	pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, s);
+	if (!pm)
+	    returnval = 1;
+	else if ((pm->flags & PM_RESTRICTED) && isset(RESTRICTED)) {
+	    zerrnam(name, "%s: restricted", pm->nam, 0);
+	    returnval = 1;
+	} else
+	    unsetparam(s);
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/* type, whence, which */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_whence(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    HashNode hn;
+    Comp com;
+    int returnval = 0;
+    int printflags = 0;
+    int csh, all, v, wd;
+    int informed;
+    char *cnam;
+
+    /* Check some option information */
+    csh = ops['c'];
+    v   = ops['v'];
+    all = ops['a'];
+    wd  = ops['w'];
+
+    if (ops['w'])
+	printflags |= PRINT_WHENCE_WORD;
+    else if (ops['c'])
+	printflags |= PRINT_WHENCE_CSH;
+    else if (ops['v'])
+	printflags |= PRINT_WHENCE_VERBOSE;
+    else
+	printflags |= PRINT_WHENCE_SIMPLE;
+    if (ops['f'])
+	printflags |= PRINT_WHENCE_FUNCDEF;
+
+    /* With -m option -- treat arguments as a glob patterns */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    /* parse the pattern */
+	    tokenize(*argv);
+	    if (!(com = parsereg(*argv))) {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(nam, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (!ops['p']) {
+		/* -p option is for path search only.    *
+		 * We're not using it, so search for ... */
+
+		/* aliases ... */
+		scanmatchtable(aliastab, com, 0, DISABLED, aliastab->printnode, printflags);
+
+		/* and reserved words ... */
+		scanmatchtable(reswdtab, com, 0, DISABLED, reswdtab->printnode, printflags);
+
+		/* and shell functions... */
+		scanmatchtable(shfunctab, com, 0, DISABLED, shfunctab->printnode, printflags);
+
+		/* and builtins. */
+		scanmatchtable(builtintab, com, 0, DISABLED, builtintab->printnode, printflags);
+	    }
+	    /* Done search for `internal' commands, if the -p option *
+	     * was not used.  Now search the path.                   */
+	    cmdnamtab->filltable(cmdnamtab);
+	    scanmatchtable(cmdnamtab, com, 0, 0, cmdnamtab->printnode, printflags);
+
+	}
+    return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Take arguments literally -- do not glob */
+    for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	informed = 0;
+
+	if (!ops['p']) {
+	    /* Look for alias */
+	    if ((hn = aliastab->getnode(aliastab, *argv))) {
+		aliastab->printnode(hn, printflags);
+		if (!all)
+		    continue;
+		informed = 1;
+	    }
+	    /* Look for reserved word */
+	    if ((hn = reswdtab->getnode(reswdtab, *argv))) {
+		reswdtab->printnode(hn, printflags);
+		if (!all)
+		    continue;
+		informed = 1;
+	    }
+	    /* Look for shell function */
+	    if ((hn = shfunctab->getnode(shfunctab, *argv))) {
+		shfunctab->printnode(hn, printflags);
+		if (!all)
+		    continue;
+		informed = 1;
+	    }
+	    /* Look for builtin command */
+	    if ((hn = builtintab->getnode(builtintab, *argv))) {
+		builtintab->printnode(hn, printflags);
+		if (!all)
+		    continue;
+		informed = 1;
+	    }
+	    /* Look for commands that have been added to the *
+	     * cmdnamtab with the builtin `hash foo=bar'.    */
+	    if ((hn = cmdnamtab->getnode(cmdnamtab, *argv)) && (hn->flags & HASHED)) {
+		cmdnamtab->printnode(hn, printflags);
+		if (!all)
+		    continue;
+		informed = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	/* Option -a is to search the entire path, *
+	 * rather than just looking for one match. */
+	if (all) {
+	    char **pp, buf[PATH_MAX], *z;
+
+	    for (pp = path; *pp; pp++) {
+		z = buf;
+		if (**pp) {
+		    strucpy(&z, *pp);
+		    *z++ = '/';
+		}
+		if ((z - buf) + strlen(*argv) >= PATH_MAX)
+		    continue;
+		strcpy(z, *argv);
+		if (iscom(buf)) {
+		    if (wd) {
+			printf("%s: command\n", *argv);
+		    } else {
+			if (v && !csh)
+			    zputs(*argv, stdout), fputs(" is ", stdout);
+			zputs(buf, stdout);
+			if (ops['s'])
+			    print_if_link(buf);
+			fputc('\n', stdout);
+		    }
+		    informed = 1;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (!informed && (wd || v || csh)) {
+		zputs(*argv, stdout);
+		puts(wd ? ": none" : " not found");
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	} else if ((cnam = findcmd(*argv))) {
+	    /* Found external command. */
+	    if (wd) {
+		printf("%s: command\n", *argv);
+	    } else {
+		if (v && !csh)
+		    zputs(*argv, stdout), fputs(" is ", stdout);
+		zputs(cnam, stdout);
+		if (ops['s'])
+		    print_if_link(cnam);
+		fputc('\n', stdout);
+	    }
+	    zsfree(cnam);
+	} else {
+	    /* Not found at all. */
+	    if (v || csh || wd)
+		zputs(*argv, stdout), puts(wd ? ": none" : " not found");
+	    returnval = 1;
+	}
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/**** command & named directory hash table builtins ****/
+
+/*****************************************************************
+ * hash -- explicitly hash a command.                            *
+ * 1) Given no arguments, list the hash table.                   *
+ * 2) The -m option prints out commands in the hash table that   *
+ *    match a given glob pattern.                                *
+ * 3) The -f option causes the entire path to be added to the    *
+ *    hash table (cannot be combined with any arguments).        *
+ * 4) The -r option causes the entire hash table to be discarded *
+ *    (cannot be combined with any arguments).                   *
+ * 5) Given argument of the form foo=bar, add element to command *
+ *    hash table, so that when `foo' is entered, then `bar' is   *
+ *    executed.                                                  *
+ * 6) Given arguments not of the previous form, add it to the    *
+ *    command hash table as if it were being executed.           *
+ * 7) The -d option causes analogous things to be done using     *
+ *    the named directory hash table.                            *
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_hash(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    HashTable ht;
+    Comp com;
+    Asgment asg;
+    int returnval = 0;
+
+    if (ops['d'])
+	ht = nameddirtab;
+    else
+	ht = cmdnamtab;
+
+    if (ops['r'] || ops['f']) {
+	/* -f and -r can't be used with any arguments */
+	if (*argv) {
+	    zwarnnam("hash", "too many arguments", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+
+	/* empty the hash table */
+	if (ops['r'])
+	    ht->emptytable(ht);
+
+	/* fill the hash table in a standard way */
+	if (ops['f'])
+	    ht->filltable(ht);
+
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Given no arguments, display current hash table. */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	scanhashtable(ht, 1, 0, 0, ht->printnode, 0);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    while (*argv) {
+	void *hn;
+	if (ops['m']) {
+	    /* with the -m option, treat the argument as a glob pattern */
+	    tokenize(*argv);  /* expand */
+	    if ((com = parsereg(*argv))) {
+		/* display matching hash table elements */
+		scanmatchtable(ht, com, 0, 0, ht->printnode, 0);
+	    } else {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	} else if((asg = getasg(*argv))->value) {
+	    if(isset(RESTRICTED)) {
+		zwarnnam(name, "restricted: %s", asg->value, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    } else {
+		/* The argument is of the form foo=bar, *
+		 * so define an entry for the table.    */
+		if(ops['d']) {
+		    Nameddir nd = hn = zcalloc(sizeof *nd);
+		    nd->flags = 0;
+		    nd->dir = ztrdup(asg->value);
+		} else {
+		    Cmdnam cn = hn = zcalloc(sizeof *cn);
+		    cn->flags = HASHED;
+		    cn->u.cmd = ztrdup(asg->value);
+		}
+		ht->addnode(ht, ztrdup(asg->name), hn);
+		if(ops['v'])
+		    ht->printnode(hn, 0);
+	    }
+	} else if (!(hn = ht->getnode2(ht, asg->name))) {
+	    /* With no `=value' part to the argument, *
+	     * work out what it ought to be.          */
+	    if(ops['d']) {
+		if(!getnameddir(asg->name)) {
+		    zwarnnam(name, "no such directory name: %s", asg->name, 0);
+		    returnval = 1;
+		}
+	    } else {
+		if (!hashcmd(asg->name, path)) {
+		    zwarnnam(name, "no such command: %s", asg->name, 0);
+		    returnval = 1;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if(ops['v'] && (hn = ht->getnode2(ht, asg->name)))
+		ht->printnode(hn, 0);
+	} else if(ops['v'])
+	    ht->printnode(hn, 0);
+	argv++;
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/* unhash: remove specified elements from a hash table */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_unhash(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    HashTable ht;
+    HashNode hn, nhn;
+    Comp com;
+    int match = 0, returnval = 0;
+    int i;
+
+    /* Check which hash table we are working with. */
+    if (ops['d'])
+	ht = nameddirtab;	/* named directories */
+    else if (ops['f'])
+	ht = shfunctab;		/* shell functions   */
+    else if (ops['a'])
+	ht = aliastab;		/* aliases           */
+    else
+	ht = cmdnamtab;		/* external commands */
+
+    /* With -m option, treat arguments as glob patterns. *
+     * "unhash -m '*'" is legal, but not recommended.    */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    /* expand argument */
+	    tokenize(*argv);
+	    if ((com = parsereg(*argv))) {
+		/* remove all nodes matching glob pattern */
+		for (i = 0; i < ht->hsize; i++) {
+		    for (hn = ht->nodes[i]; hn; hn = nhn) {
+			/* record pointer to next, since we may free this one */
+			nhn = hn->next;
+			if (domatch(hn->nam, com, 0)) {
+			    ht->freenode(ht->removenode(ht, hn->nam));
+			    match++;
+			}
+		    }
+		}
+	    } else {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	/* If we didn't match anything, we return 1. */
+	if (!match)
+	    returnval = 1;
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Take arguments literally -- do not glob */
+    for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	if ((hn = ht->removenode(ht, *argv))) {
+	    ht->freenode(hn);
+	} else {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "no such hash table element: %s", *argv, 0);
+	    returnval = 1;
+	}
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+/**** alias builtins ****/
+
+/* alias: display or create aliases. */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_alias(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    Alias a;
+    Comp com;
+    Asgment asg;
+    int haveflags = 0, returnval = 0;
+    int flags1 = 0, flags2 = DISABLED;
+    int printflags = 0;
+
+    /* Did we specify the type of alias? */
+    if (ops['r'] || ops['g']) {
+	if (ops['r'] && ops['g']) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "illegal combination of options", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	haveflags = 1;
+	if (ops['g'])
+	    flags1 |= ALIAS_GLOBAL;
+	else
+	    flags2 |= ALIAS_GLOBAL;
+    }
+
+    if (ops['L'])
+	printflags |= PRINT_LIST;
+
+    /* In the absence of arguments, list all aliases.  If a command *
+     * line flag is specified, list only those of that type.        */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	scanhashtable(aliastab, 1, flags1, flags2, aliastab->printnode, printflags);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* With the -m option, treat the arguments as *
+     * glob patterns of aliases to display.       */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	    tokenize(*argv);  /* expand argument */
+	    if ((com = parsereg(*argv))) {
+		/* display the matching aliases */
+		scanmatchtable(aliastab, com, flags1, flags2, aliastab->printnode, printflags);
+	    } else {
+		untokenize(*argv);
+		zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *argv, 0);
+		returnval = 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	return returnval;
+    }
+
+    /* Take arguments literally.  Don't glob */
+    while ((asg = getasg(*argv++))) {
+	if (asg->value && !ops['L']) {
+	    /* The argument is of the form foo=bar and we are not *
+	     * forcing a listing with -L, so define an alias      */
+	    aliastab->addnode(aliastab, ztrdup(asg->name),
+		createaliasnode(ztrdup(asg->value), flags1));
+	} else if ((a = (Alias) aliastab->getnode(aliastab, asg->name))) {
+	    /* display alias if appropriate */
+	    if (!haveflags ||
+		(ops['r'] && !(a->flags & ALIAS_GLOBAL)) ||
+		(ops['g'] &&  (a->flags & ALIAS_GLOBAL)))
+		aliastab->printnode((HashNode) a, printflags);
+	} else
+	    returnval = 1;
+    }
+    return returnval;
+}
+
+
+/**** miscellaneous builtins ****/
+
+/* true, : (colon) */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_true(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* false builtin */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_false(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* the zle buffer stack */
+ 
+/**/
+LinkList bufstack;
+
+/* echo, print, pushln */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_print(char *name, char **args, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int nnl = 0, fd, argc, n;
+    int *len;
+    Histent ent;
+    FILE *fout = stdout;
+
+    /* -m option -- treat the first argument as a pattern and remove
+     * arguments not matching */
+    if (ops['m']) {
+	Comp com;
+	char **t, **p;
+
+	tokenize(*args);
+	if (!(com = parsereg(*args))) {
+	    untokenize(*args);
+	    zwarnnam(name, "bad pattern : %s", *args, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	for (p = ++args; *p; p++)
+	    if (!domatch(*p, com, 0))
+		for (t = p--; (*t = t[1]); t++);
+    }
+    /* compute lengths, and interpret according to -P, -D, -e, etc. */
+    argc = arrlen(args);
+    len = (int *)ncalloc(argc * sizeof(int));
+    for(n = 0; n < argc; n++) {
+	/* first \ sequences */
+	if (!ops['e'] && (ops['R'] || ops['r'] || ops['E']))
+	    unmetafy(args[n], &len[n]);
+	else
+	    args[n] = getkeystring(args[n], &len[n],
+				    func != BIN_ECHO && !ops['e'], &nnl);
+	/* -P option -- interpret as a prompt sequence */
+	if(ops['P'])
+	    args[n] = unmetafy(promptexpand(metafy(args[n], len[n],
+		META_NOALLOC), 0, NULL, NULL), &len[n]);
+	/* -D option -- interpret as a directory, and use ~ */
+	if(ops['D']) {
+	    Nameddir d = finddir(args[n]);
+	    if(d) {
+		char *arg = alloc(strlen(args[n]) + 1);
+		sprintf(arg, "~%s%s", d->nam,
+			args[n] + strlen(d->dir));
+		args[n] = arg;
+		len[n] = strlen(args[n]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* -z option -- push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack */
+    if (ops['z']) {
+	PERMALLOC {
+	    pushnode(bufstack, sepjoin(args, NULL));
+	} LASTALLOC;
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* -s option -- add the arguments to the history list */
+    if (ops['s']) {
+	int nwords = 0, nlen, iwords;
+	char **pargs = args;
+
+	PERMALLOC {
+	    ent = gethistent(++curhist);
+	    zsfree(ent->text);
+	    if (ent->nwords)
+		zfree(ent->words, ent->nwords*2*sizeof(short));
+	    while (*pargs++)
+		nwords++;
+	    if ((ent->nwords = nwords)) {
+		ent->words = (short *)zalloc(nwords*2*sizeof(short));
+		nlen = iwords = 0;
+		for (pargs = args; *pargs; pargs++) {
+		    ent->words[iwords++] = nlen;
+		    nlen += strlen(*pargs);
+		    ent->words[iwords++] = nlen;
+		    nlen++;
+		}
+	    } else
+		ent->words = (short *)NULL;
+	    ent->text = zjoin(args, ' ');
+	    ent->stim = ent->ftim = time(NULL);
+	    ent->flags = 0;
+	} LASTALLOC;
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* -u and -p -- output to other than standard output */
+    if (ops['u'] || ops['p']) {
+	if (ops['u']) {
+	    for (fd = 0; fd < 10; fd++)
+		if (ops[fd + '0'])
+		    break;
+	    if (fd == 10)
+		fd = 0;
+	} else
+	    fd = coprocout;
+	if ((fd = dup(fd)) < 0) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "bad file number", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	if ((fout = fdopen(fd, "w")) == 0) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "bad mode on fd", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* -o and -O -- sort the arguments */
+    if (ops['o']) {
+	if (ops['i'])
+	    qsort(args, arrlen(args), sizeof(char *), cstrpcmp);
+
+	else
+	    qsort(args, arrlen(args), sizeof(char *), strpcmp);
+    } else if (ops['O']) {
+	if (ops['i'])
+	    qsort(args, arrlen(args), sizeof(char *), invcstrpcmp);
+
+	else
+	    qsort(args, arrlen(args), sizeof(char *), invstrpcmp);
+    }
+    /* after sorting arguments, recalculate lengths */
+    if(ops['o'] || ops['O'])
+	for(n = 0; n < argc; n++)
+	    len[n] = strlen(args[n]);
+
+    /* -c -- output in columns */
+    if (ops['c']) {
+	int l, nc, nr, sc, n, t, i;
+	char **ap;
+
+	for (n = l = 0, ap = args; *ap; ap++, n++)
+	    if (l < (t = strlen(*ap)))
+		l = t;
+
+	sc = l + 2;
+	nc = (columns + 1) / sc;
+	if (!nc)
+	    nc = 1;
+	nr = (n + nc - 1) / nc;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
+	    ap = args + i;
+	    do {
+		l = strlen(*ap);
+		fprintf(fout, "%s", *ap);
+		for (t = nr; t && *ap; t--, ap++);
+		if(*ap)
+		    for (; l < sc; l++)
+			fputc(' ', fout);
+	    } while (*ap);
+	    fputc(ops['N'] ? '\0' : '\n', fout);
+	}
+	if (fout != stdout)
+	    fclose(fout);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* normal output */
+    for (; *args; args++, len++) {
+	fwrite(*args, *len, 1, fout);
+	if (args[1])
+	    fputc(ops['l'] ? '\n' : ops['N'] ? '\0' : ' ', fout);
+    }
+    if (!(ops['n'] || nnl))
+	fputc(ops['N'] ? '\0' : '\n', fout);
+    if (fout != stdout)
+	fclose(fout);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* echotc: output a termcap */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_echotc(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    char *s, buf[2048], *t, *u;
+    int num, argct;
+
+    s = *argv++;
+    if (termflags & TERM_BAD)
+	return 1;
+    if ((termflags & TERM_UNKNOWN) && (isset(INTERACTIVE) || !init_term()))
+	return 1;
+    /* if the specified termcap has a numeric value, display it */
+    if ((num = tgetnum(s)) != -1) {
+	printf("%d\n", num);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    /* if the specified termcap is boolean, and set, say so  *
+     * ncurses can tell if an existing boolean capability is *
+     * off so in this case we print "no".                    */
+#if !defined(NCURSES_VERSION) || !defined(COLOR_PAIR)
+    if (tgetflag(s) > 0) {
+	puts("yes");
+	return (0);
+    }
+#else /* NCURSES_VERSION && COLOR_PAIR */
+    switch (tgetflag(s)) {
+    case -1:
+	break;
+    case 0:
+	puts("no");
+	return 0;
+    default:
+	puts("yes");
+	return 0;
+    }
+#endif /* NCURSES_VERSION && COLOR_PAIR */
+    /* get a string-type capability */
+    u = buf;
+    t = tgetstr(s, &u);
+    if (!t || !*t) {
+	/* capability doesn't exist, or (if boolean) is off */
+	zwarnnam(name, "no such capability: %s", s, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    /* count the number of arguments required */
+    for (argct = 0, u = t; *u; u++)
+	if (*u == '%') {
+	    if (u++, (*u == 'd' || *u == '2' || *u == '3' || *u == '.' ||
+		      *u == '+'))
+		argct++;
+	}
+    /* check that the number of arguments provided is correct */
+    if (arrlen(argv) != argct) {
+	zwarnnam(name, (arrlen(argv) < argct) ? "not enough arguments" :
+		 "too many arguments", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    /* output string, through the proper termcap functions */
+    if (!argct)
+	tputs(t, 1, putraw);
+    else {
+	num = (argv[1]) ? atoi(argv[1]) : atoi(*argv);
+	tputs(tgoto(t, atoi(*argv), num), num, putraw);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* shift builtin */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_shift(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int num = 1, l, ret = 0;
+    char **s;
+ 
+    /* optional argument can be either numeric or an array */
+    if (*argv && !getaparam(*argv))
+        num = matheval(*argv++);
+ 
+    if (num < 0) {
+        zwarnnam(name, "argument to shift must be non-negative", NULL, 0);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (*argv) {
+        for (; *argv; argv++)
+            if ((s = getaparam(*argv))) {
+                if (num > arrlen(s)) {
+		    zwarnnam(name, "shift count must be <= $#", NULL, 0);
+		    ret++;
+		    continue;
+		}
+                PERMALLOC {
+		    s = arrdup(s + num);
+                } LASTALLOC;
+                setaparam(*argv, s);
+            }
+    } else {
+        if (num > (l = arrlen(pparams))) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "shift count must be <= $#", NULL, 0);
+	    ret = 1;
+	} else {
+	    s = zalloc((l - num + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+	    memcpy(s, pparams + num, (l - num + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+	    while (num--)
+		zsfree(pparams[num]);
+	    zfree(pparams, (l + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+	    pparams = s;
+	}
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* getopts: automagical option handling for shell scripts */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_getopts(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int lenstr, lenoptstr, quiet, lenoptbuf;
+    char *optstr = unmetafy(*argv++, &lenoptstr), *var = *argv++;
+    char **args = (*argv) ? argv : pparams;
+    static int optcind = 0;
+    char *str, optbuf[2] = " ", *p, opch;
+
+    /* zoptind keeps count of the current argument number.  The *
+     * user can set it to zero to start a new option parse.     */
+    if (zoptind < 1) {
+	/* first call */
+	zoptind = 1;
+	optcind = 0;
+    }
+    if(zoptind > arrlen(args))
+	/* no more options */
+	return 1;
+
+    /* leading ':' in optstr means don't print an error message */
+    quiet = *optstr == ':';
+    optstr += quiet;
+    lenoptstr -= quiet;
+
+    /* find place in relevant argument */
+    str = unmetafy(dupstring(args[zoptind - 1]), &lenstr);
+    if(optcind >= lenstr) {
+	optcind = 0;
+	if(!args[zoptind++])
+	    return 1;
+	str = unmetafy(dupstring(args[zoptind - 1]), &lenstr);
+    }
+    if(!optcind) {
+	if(lenstr < 2 || (*str != '-' && *str != '+'))
+	    return 1;
+	if(lenstr == 2 && str[0] == '-' && str[1] == '-') {
+	    zoptind++;
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	optcind++;
+    }
+    opch = str[optcind++];
+    if(str[0] == '+') {
+	optbuf[0] = '+';
+	lenoptbuf = 2;
+    } else
+	lenoptbuf = 1;
+    optbuf[lenoptbuf - 1] = opch;
+
+    /* check for legality */
+    if(opch == ':' || !(p = memchr(optstr, opch, lenoptstr))) {
+	p = "?";
+err:
+      zsfree(zoptarg);
+	if(quiet) {
+	    setsparam(var, ztrdup(p));
+	    zoptarg = metafy(optbuf, lenoptbuf, META_DUP);
+	} else {
+	    zerr(*p == '?' ? "bad option: -%c" :
+		"argument expected after -%c option", NULL, opch);
+          zoptarg=ztrdup("");
+	    errflag = 0;
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* check for required argument */
+    if(p[1] == ':') {
+	if(optcind == lenstr) {
+	    if(!args[zoptind]) {
+		p = ":";
+		goto err;
+	    }
+	    p = ztrdup(args[zoptind++]);
+	} else
+	    p = metafy(str+optcind, lenstr-optcind, META_DUP);
+	optcind = ztrlen(args[zoptind - 1]);
+	zsfree(zoptarg);
+	zoptarg = p;
+    } else {
+	zsfree(zoptarg);
+	zoptarg = ztrdup("");
+    }
+
+    setsparam(var, metafy(optbuf, lenoptbuf, META_DUP));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* break, bye, continue, exit, logout, return -- most of these take   *
+ * one numeric argument, and the other (logout) is related to return. *
+ * (return is treated as a logout when in a login shell.)             */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_break(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    int num = lastval, nump = 0;
+
+    /* handle one optional numeric argument */
+    if (*argv) {
+	num = matheval(*argv++);
+	nump = 1;
+    }
+
+    switch (func) {
+    case BIN_CONTINUE:
+	if (!loops) {   /* continue is only permitted in loops */
+	    zerrnam(name, "not in while, until, select, or repeat loop", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	contflag = 1;   /* ARE WE SUPPOSED TO FALL THROUGH HERE? */
+    case BIN_BREAK:
+	if (!loops) {   /* break is only permitted in loops */
+	    zerrnam(name, "not in while, until, select, or repeat loop", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	breaks = nump ? minimum(num,loops) : 1;
+	break;
+    case BIN_RETURN:
+	if (isset(INTERACTIVE) || locallevel || sourcelevel) {
+	    retflag = 1;
+	    breaks = loops;
+	    lastval = num;
+	    if (trapreturn == -2)
+		trapreturn = lastval;
+	    return lastval;
+	}
+	zexit(num, 0);	/* else treat return as logout/exit */
+	break;
+    case BIN_LOGOUT:
+	if (unset(LOGINSHELL)) {
+	    zerrnam(name, "not login shell", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	zexit(num, 0);
+	break;
+    case BIN_EXIT:
+	zexit(num, 0);
+	break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* we have printed a 'you have stopped (running) jobs.' message */
+ 
+/**/
+int stopmsg;
+ 
+/* check to see if user has jobs running/stopped */
+
+/**/
+static void
+checkjobs(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 1; i < MAXJOB; i++)
+	if (i != thisjob && (jobtab[i].stat & STAT_LOCKED) &&
+	    !(jobtab[i].stat & STAT_NOPRINT))
+	    break;
+    if (i < MAXJOB) {
+	if (jobtab[i].stat & STAT_STOPPED) {
+
+#ifdef USE_SUSPENDED
+	    zerr("you have suspended jobs.", NULL, 0);
+#else
+	    zerr("you have stopped jobs.", NULL, 0);
+#endif
+
+	} else
+	    zerr("you have running jobs.", NULL, 0);
+	stopmsg = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/* exit the shell.  val is the return value of the shell.  *
+ * from_signal should be non-zero if zexit is being called *
+ * because of a signal.                                    */
+
+/**/
+void
+zexit(int val, int from_signal)
+{
+    static int in_exit;
+
+    HEAPALLOC {
+	if (isset(MONITOR) && !stopmsg && !from_signal) {
+	    scanjobs();    /* check if jobs need printing           */
+	    checkjobs();   /* check if any jobs are running/stopped */
+	    if (stopmsg) {
+		stopmsg = 2;
+		LASTALLOC_RETURN;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (in_exit++ && from_signal)
+	    LASTALLOC_RETURN;
+	if (isset(MONITOR))
+	    /* send SIGHUP to any jobs left running  */
+	    killrunjobs(from_signal);
+	if (isset(RCS) && interact) {
+	    if (!nohistsave)
+		savehistfile(getsparam("HISTFILE"), 1, isset(APPENDHISTORY) ? 3 : 0);
+	    if (islogin && !subsh) {
+		sourcehome(".zlogout");
+#ifdef GLOBAL_ZLOGOUT
+		source(GLOBAL_ZLOGOUT);
+#endif
+	    }
+	}
+	if (sigtrapped[SIGEXIT])
+	    dotrap(SIGEXIT);
+	if (mypid != getpid())
+	    _exit(val);
+	else
+	    exit(val);
+    } LASTALLOC;
+}
+
+/* . (dot), source */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_dot(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    char **old, *old0 = NULL;
+    int ret, diddot = 0, dotdot = 0;
+    char buf[PATH_MAX];
+    char *s, **t, *enam, *arg0;
+    struct stat st;
+
+    if (!*argv || strlen(*argv) >= PATH_MAX)
+	return 0;
+    old = pparams;
+    /* get arguments for the script */
+    if (argv[1]) {
+	PERMALLOC {
+	    pparams = arrdup(argv + 1);
+	} LASTALLOC;
+    }
+    enam = arg0 = ztrdup(*argv);
+    if (isset(FUNCTIONARGZERO)) {
+	old0 = argzero;
+	argzero = arg0;
+    }
+    s = unmeta(enam);
+    errno = ENOENT;
+    ret = 1;
+    /* for source only, check in current directory first */
+    if (*name != '.' && access(s, F_OK) == 0
+	&& stat(s, &st) >= 0 && !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+	diddot = 1;
+	ret = source(enam);
+    }
+    if (ret) {
+	/* use a path with / in it */
+	for (s = arg0; *s; s++)
+	    if (*s == '/') {
+		if (*arg0 == '.') {
+		    if (arg0 + 1 == s)
+			++diddot;
+		    else if (arg0[1] == '.' && arg0 + 2 == s)
+			++dotdot;
+		}
+		ret = source(arg0);
+		break;
+	    }
+	if (!*s || (ret && isset(PATHDIRS) && diddot < 2 && dotdot == 0)) {
+	    /* search path for script */
+	    for (t = path; *t; t++) {
+		if (!(*t)[0] || ((*t)[0] == '.' && !(*t)[1])) {
+		    if (diddot)
+			continue;
+		    diddot = 1;
+		    strcpy(buf, arg0);
+		} else {
+		    if (strlen(*t) + strlen(arg0) + 1 >= PATH_MAX)
+			continue;
+		    sprintf(buf, "%s/%s", *t, arg0);
+		}
+		s = unmeta(buf);
+		if (access(s, F_OK) == 0 && stat(s, &st) >= 0
+		    && !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+		    ret = source(enam = buf);
+		    break;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    /* clean up and return */
+    if (argv[1]) {
+	freearray(pparams);
+	pparams = old;
+    }
+    if (ret)
+	zwarnnam(name, "%e: %s", enam, errno);
+    zsfree(arg0);
+    if (old0)
+	argzero = old0;
+    return ret ? ret : lastval;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_emulate(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    emulate(*argv, ops['R']);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* eval: simple evaluation */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_eval(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    List list;
+
+    inpush(zjoin(argv, ' '), 0, NULL);
+    strinbeg();
+    stophist = 2;
+    list = parse_list();
+    strinend();
+    inpop();
+    if (!list) {
+	errflag = 0;
+	return 1;
+    }
+    execlist(list, 1, 0);
+    if (errflag) {
+	lastval = errflag;
+	errflag = 0;
+    }
+    return lastval;
+}
+
+static char *zbuf;
+static int readfd;
+
+/* Read a character from readfd, or from the buffer zbuf.  Return EOF on end of
+file/buffer. */
+
+/* read: get a line of input, or (for compctl functions) return some *
+ * useful data about the state of the editing line.  The -E and -e   *
+ * options mean that the result should be sent to stdout.  -e means, *
+ * in addition, that the result should not actually be assigned to   *
+ * the specified parameters.                                         */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_read(char *name, char **args, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    char *reply, *readpmpt;
+    int bsiz, c = 0, gotnl = 0, al = 0, first, nchars = 1, bslash;
+    int haso = 0;	/* true if /dev/tty has been opened specially */
+    int isem = !strcmp(term, "emacs");
+    char *buf, *bptr, *firstarg, *zbuforig;
+    LinkList readll = newlinklist();
+
+    if ((ops['k'] || ops['b']) && *args && idigit(**args)) {
+	if (!(nchars = atoi(*args)))
+	    nchars = 1;
+	args++;
+    }
+
+    firstarg = *args;
+    if (*args && **args == '?')
+	args++;
+    /* default result parameter */
+    reply = *args ? *args++ : ops['A'] ? "reply" : "REPLY";
+    if (ops['A'] && *args) {
+	zwarnnam(name, "only one array argument allowed", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* handle compctl case */
+    if(ops['l'] || ops['c'])
+	return compctlread(name, args, ops, reply);
+
+    if ((ops['k'] && !ops['u'] && !ops['p']) || ops['q']) {
+	if (SHTTY == -1) {
+	    /* need to open /dev/tty specially */
+	    SHTTY = open("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY);
+	    haso = 1;
+	}
+	/* We should have a SHTTY opened by now. */
+	if (SHTTY == -1) {
+	    /* Unfortunately, we didn't. */
+	    fprintf(stderr, "not interactive and can't open terminal\n");
+	    fflush(stderr);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	if (unset(INTERACTIVE))
+	    gettyinfo(&shttyinfo);
+	/* attach to the tty */
+	attachtty(mypgrp);
+	if (!isem && ops['k'])
+	    setcbreak();
+	readfd = SHTTY;
+    } else if (ops['u'] && !ops['p']) {
+	/* -u means take input from the specified file descriptor. *
+	 * -up means take input from the coprocess.                */
+	for (readfd = 9; readfd && !ops[readfd + '0']; --readfd);
+    } else if (ops['p'])
+	readfd = coprocin;
+    else
+	readfd = 0;
+
+    /* handle prompt */
+    if (firstarg) {
+	for (readpmpt = firstarg;
+	     *readpmpt && *readpmpt != '?'; readpmpt++);
+	if (*readpmpt++) {
+	    if (isatty(0)) {
+		zputs(readpmpt, stderr);
+		fflush(stderr);
+	    }
+	    readpmpt[-1] = '\0';
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* option -k means read only a given number of characters (default 1) */
+    if (ops['k']) {
+	int val;
+	char d;
+
+	/* allocate buffer space for result */
+	bptr = buf = (char *)zalloc(nchars+1);
+
+	do {
+	    /* If read returns 0, is end of file */
+	    if ((val = read(readfd, bptr, nchars)) <= 0)
+		break;
+	    
+	    /* decrement number of characters read from number required */
+	    nchars -= val;
+
+	    /* increment pointer past read characters */
+	    bptr += val;
+	} while (nchars > 0);
+	
+	if (!ops['u'] && !ops['p']) {
+	    /* dispose of result appropriately, etc. */
+	    if (isem)
+		while (val > 0 && read(SHTTY, &d, 1) == 1 && d != '\n');
+	    else
+		settyinfo(&shttyinfo);
+	    if (haso) {
+		close(SHTTY);
+		SHTTY = -1;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (ops['e'] || ops['E'])
+	    fwrite(buf, bptr - buf, 1, stdout);
+	if (!ops['e'])
+	    setsparam(reply, metafy(buf, bptr - buf, META_REALLOC));
+	else
+	    zfree(buf, bptr - buf + 1);
+	return val <= 0;
+    }
+
+    /* option -q means get one character, and interpret it as a Y or N */
+    if (ops['q']) {
+	char readbuf[2];
+
+	/* set up the buffer */
+	readbuf[1] = '\0';
+
+	/* get, and store, reply */
+	readbuf[0] = ((char)getquery(NULL, 0)) == 'y' ? 'y' : 'n';
+
+	/* dispose of result appropriately, etc. */
+	if (haso) {
+	    close(SHTTY);
+	    SHTTY = -1;
+	}
+
+	if (ops['e'] || ops['E'])
+	    printf("%s\n", readbuf);
+	if (!ops['e'])
+	    setsparam(reply, ztrdup(readbuf));
+
+	return readbuf[0] == 'n';
+    }
+
+    /* All possible special types of input have been exhausted.  Take one line,
+    and assign words to the parameters until they run out.  Leftover words go
+    onto the last parameter.  If an array is specified, all the words become
+    separate elements of the array. */
+
+    zbuforig = zbuf = (!ops['z']) ? NULL :
+	(nonempty(bufstack)) ? (char *) getlinknode(bufstack) : ztrdup("");
+    first = 1;
+    bslash = 0;
+    while (*args || (ops['A'] && !gotnl)) {
+	buf = bptr = (char *)zalloc(bsiz = 64);
+	/* get input, a character at a time */
+	while (!gotnl) {
+	    c = zread();
+	    /* \ at the end of a line indicates a continuation *
+	     * line, except in raw mode (-r option)            */
+	    if (bslash && c == '\n') {
+		bslash = 0;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (c == EOF || c == '\n')
+		break;
+	    if (!bslash && isep(c)) {
+		if (bptr != buf || (!iwsep(c) && first)) {
+		    first |= !iwsep(c);
+		    break;
+		}
+		first |= !iwsep(c);
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    bslash = c == '\\' && !bslash && !ops['r'];
+	    if (bslash)
+		continue;
+	    first = 0;
+	    if (imeta(c)) {
+		*bptr++ = Meta;
+		*bptr++ = c ^ 32;
+	    } else
+		*bptr++ = c;
+	    /* increase the buffer size, if necessary */
+	    if (bptr >= buf + bsiz - 1) {
+		int blen = bptr - buf;
+
+		buf = realloc(buf, bsiz *= 2);
+		bptr = buf + blen;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (c == '\n' || c == EOF)
+	    gotnl = 1;
+	*bptr = '\0';
+	/* dispose of word appropriately */
+	if (ops['e'] || ops['E']) {
+	    zputs(buf, stdout);
+	    putchar('\n');
+	}
+	if (!ops['e']) {
+	    if (ops['A']) {
+		addlinknode(readll, buf);
+		al++;
+	    } else
+		setsparam(reply, buf);
+	} else
+	    free(buf);
+	if (!ops['A'])
+	    reply = *args++;
+    }
+    /* handle EOF */
+    if (c == EOF) {
+	if (readfd == coprocin) {
+	    close(coprocin);
+	    close(coprocout);
+	    coprocin = coprocout = -1;
+	}
+    }
+    /* final assignment (and display) of array parameter */
+    if (ops['A']) {
+	char **pp, **p = NULL;
+	LinkNode n;
+
+	p = (ops['e'] ? (char **)NULL
+	     : (char **)zalloc((al + 1) * sizeof(char *)));
+
+	for (pp = p, n = firstnode(readll); n; incnode(n)) {
+	    if (ops['e'] || ops['E']) {
+		zputs((char *) getdata(n), stdout);
+		putchar('\n');
+	    }
+	    if (p)
+		*pp++ = (char *)getdata(n);
+	    else
+		zsfree(getdata(n));
+	}
+	if (p) {
+	    *pp++ = NULL;
+	    setaparam(reply, p);
+	}
+	return c == EOF;
+    }
+    buf = bptr = (char *)zalloc(bsiz = 64);
+    /* any remaining part of the line goes into one parameter */
+    bslash = 0;
+    if (!gotnl)
+	for (;;) {
+	    c = zread();
+	    /* \ at the end of a line introduces a continuation line, except in
+	    raw mode (-r option) */
+	    if (bslash && c == '\n') {
+		bslash = 0;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (c == EOF || (c == '\n' && !zbuf))
+		break;
+	    if (!bslash && isep(c) && bptr == buf)
+		if (iwsep(c))
+		    continue;
+		else if (!first) {
+		    first = 1;
+		    continue;
+		}
+	    bslash = c == '\\' && !bslash && !ops['r'];
+	    if (bslash)
+		continue;
+	    if (imeta(c)) {
+		*bptr++ = Meta;
+		*bptr++ = c ^ 32;
+	    } else
+		*bptr++ = c;
+	    /* increase the buffer size, if necessary */
+	    if (bptr >= buf + bsiz - 1) {
+		int blen = bptr - buf;
+
+		buf = realloc(buf, bsiz *= 2);
+		bptr = buf + blen;
+	    }
+	}
+    while (bptr > buf && iwsep(bptr[-1]))
+	bptr--;
+    *bptr = '\0';
+    /* final assignment of reply, etc. */
+    if (ops['e'] || ops['E']) {
+	zputs(buf, stdout);
+	putchar('\n');
+    }
+    if (!ops['e'])
+	setsparam(reply, buf);
+    else
+	zsfree(buf);
+    if (zbuforig) {
+	char first = *zbuforig;
+
+	zsfree(zbuforig);
+	if (!first)
+	    return 1;
+    } else if (c == EOF) {
+	if (readfd == coprocin) {
+	    close(coprocin);
+	    close(coprocout);
+	    coprocin = coprocout = -1;
+	}
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+zread(void)
+{
+    char cc, retry = 0;
+
+    /* use zbuf if possible */
+    if (zbuf)
+	/* If zbuf points to anything, it points to the next character in the
+	buffer.  This may be a null byte to indicate EOF.  If reading from the
+	buffer, move on the buffer pointer. */
+	if (*zbuf == Meta)
+	    return zbuf++, STOUC(*zbuf++ ^ 32);
+	else
+	    return (*zbuf) ? STOUC(*zbuf++) : EOF;
+    for (;;) {
+	/* read a character from readfd */
+	switch (read(readfd, &cc, 1)) {
+	case 1:
+	    /* return the character read */
+	    return STOUC(cc);
+#if defined(EAGAIN) || defined(EWOULDBLOCK)
+	case -1:
+	    if (!retry && readfd == 0 && (
+# ifdef EAGAIN
+		    errno == EAGAIN
+#  ifdef EWOULDBLOCK
+		    ||
+#  endif /* EWOULDBLOCK */
+# endif /* EAGAIN */
+# ifdef EWOULDBLOCK
+		    errno == EWOULDBLOCK
+# endif /* EWOULDBLOCK */
+		) && setblock_stdin()) {
+		retry = 1;
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    break;
+#endif /* EAGAIN || EWOULDBLOCK */
+	}
+	return EOF;
+    }
+}
+
+/* holds arguments for testlex() */
+/**/
+char **testargs;
+
+/* test, [: the old-style general purpose logical expression builtin */
+
+/**/
+void
+testlex(void)
+{
+    if (tok == LEXERR)
+	return;
+
+    tokstr = *testargs;
+    if (!*testargs) {
+	/* if tok is already zero, reading past the end:  error */
+	tok = tok ? NULLTOK : LEXERR;
+	return;
+    } else if (!strcmp(*testargs, "-o"))
+	tok = DBAR;
+    else if (!strcmp(*testargs, "-a"))
+	tok = DAMPER;
+    else if (!strcmp(*testargs, "!"))
+	tok = BANG;
+    else if (!strcmp(*testargs, "("))
+	tok = INPAR;
+    else if (!strcmp(*testargs, ")"))
+	tok = OUTPAR;
+    else
+	tok = STRING;
+    testargs++;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_test(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    char **s;
+    Cond c;
+
+    /* if "test" was invoked as "[", it needs a matching "]" *
+     * which is subsequently ignored                         */
+    if (func == BIN_BRACKET) {
+	for (s = argv; *s; s++);
+	if (s == argv || strcmp(s[-1], "]")) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "']' expected", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	s[-1] = NULL;
+    }
+    /* an empty argument list evaluates to false (1) */
+    if (!*argv)
+	return 1;
+
+    testargs = argv;
+    tok = NULLTOK;
+    condlex = testlex;
+    testlex();
+    c = par_cond();
+    condlex = yylex;
+
+    if (errflag) {
+	errflag = 0;
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (!c || tok == LEXERR) {
+	zwarnnam(name, tokstr ? "parse error" : "argument expected", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* syntax is OK, so evaluate */
+    return !evalcond(c);
+}
+
+/* display a time, provided in units of 1/60s, as minutes and seconds */
+#define pttime(X) printf("%ldm%ld.%02lds",((long) (X))/3600,\
+			 ((long) (X))/60%60,((long) (X))*100/60%100)
+
+/* times: display, in a two-line format, the times provided by times(3) */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_times(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    struct tms buf;
+
+    /* get time accounting information */
+    if (times(&buf) == -1)
+	return 1;
+    pttime(buf.tms_utime);	/* user time */
+    putchar(' ');
+    pttime(buf.tms_stime);	/* system time */
+    putchar('\n');
+    pttime(buf.tms_cutime);	/* user time, children */
+    putchar(' ');
+    pttime(buf.tms_cstime);	/* system time, children */
+    putchar('\n');
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* trap: set/unset signal traps */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_trap(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    List l;
+    char *arg, *s;
+    int sig;
+
+    if (*argv && !strcmp(*argv, "--"))
+	argv++;
+
+    /* If given no arguments, list all currently-set traps */
+    if (!*argv) {
+	for (sig = 0; sig < VSIGCOUNT; sig++) {
+	    if (sigtrapped[sig] & ZSIG_FUNC) {
+		char fname[20];
+		HashNode hn;
+
+		sprintf(fname, "TRAP%s", sigs[sig]);
+		if ((hn = shfunctab->getnode(shfunctab, fname)))
+		    shfunctab->printnode(hn, 0);
+		DPUTS(!hn, "BUG: I did not find any trap functions!");
+	    } else if (sigtrapped[sig]) {
+		if (!sigfuncs[sig])
+		    printf("trap -- '' %s\n", sigs[sig]);
+		else {
+		    s = getpermtext((void *) dupstruct((void *) sigfuncs[sig]));
+		    printf("trap -- ");
+		    quotedzputs(s, stdout);
+		    printf(" %s\n", sigs[sig]);
+		    zsfree(s);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* If we have a signal number, unset the specified *
+     * signals.  With only -, remove all traps.        */
+    if ((getsignum(*argv) != -1) || (!strcmp(*argv, "-") && argv++)) {
+	if (!*argv)
+	    for (sig = 0; sig < VSIGCOUNT; sig++)
+		unsettrap(sig);
+	else
+	    while (*argv)
+		unsettrap(getsignum(*argv++));
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Sort out the command to execute on trap */
+    arg = *argv++;
+    if (!*arg)
+	l = NULL;
+    else if (!(l = parse_string(arg))) {
+	zwarnnam(name, "couldn't parse trap command", NULL, 0);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* set traps */
+    for (; *argv; argv++) {
+	List t;
+
+	sig = getsignum(*argv);
+	if (sig == -1) {
+	    zwarnnam(name, "undefined signal: %s", *argv, 0);
+	    break;
+	}
+	PERMALLOC {
+	    t = (List) dupstruct(l);
+	} LASTALLOC;
+	if (settrap(sig, t))
+	    freestruct(t);
+    }
+    return *argv != NULL;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_ttyctl(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    if (ops['f'])
+	ttyfrozen = 1;
+    else if (ops['u'])
+	ttyfrozen = 0;
+    else
+	printf("tty is %sfrozen\n", ttyfrozen ? "" : "not ");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* let -- mathematical evaluation */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_let(char *name, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    long val = 0;
+
+    while (*argv)
+	val = matheval(*argv++);
+    /* Errors in math evaluation in let are non-fatal. */
+    errflag = 0;
+    return !val;
+}
+
+/* umask command.  umask may be specified as octal digits, or in the  *
+ * symbolic form that chmod(1) uses.  Well, a subset of it.  Remember *
+ * that only the bottom nine bits of umask are used, so there's no    *
+ * point allowing the set{u,g}id and sticky bits to be specified.     */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_umask(char *nam, char **args, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    mode_t um;
+    char *s = *args;
+
+    /* Get the current umask. */
+    um = umask(0);
+    umask(um);
+    /* No arguments means to display the current setting. */
+    if (!s) {
+	if (ops['S']) {
+	    char *who = "ugo";
+
+	    while (*who) {
+		char *what = "rwx";
+		printf("%c=", *who++);
+		while (*what) {
+		    if (!(um & 0400))
+			putchar(*what);
+		    um <<= 1;
+		    what++;
+		}
+		putchar(*who ? ',' : '\n');
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    if (um & 0700)
+		putchar('0');
+	    printf("%03o\n", (unsigned)um);
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (idigit(*s)) {
+	/* Simple digital umask. */
+	um = zstrtol(s, &s, 8);
+	if (*s) {
+	    zwarnnam(nam, "bad umask", NULL, 0);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    } else {
+	/* Symbolic notation -- slightly complicated. */
+	int whomask, umaskop, mask;
+
+	/* More than one symbolic argument may be used at once, each separated
+	by commas. */
+	for (;;) {
+	    /* First part of the argument -- who does this apply to?
+	    u=owner, g=group, o=other. */
+	    whomask = 0;
+	    while (*s == 'u' || *s == 'g' || *s == 'o' || *s == 'a')
+		if (*s == 'u')
+		    s++, whomask |= 0700;
+		else if (*s == 'g')
+		    s++, whomask |= 0070;
+		else if (*s == 'o')
+		    s++, whomask |= 0007;
+		else if (*s == 'a')
+		    s++, whomask |= 0777;
+	    /* Default whomask is everyone. */
+	    if (!whomask)
+		whomask = 0777;
+	    /* Operation may be +, - or =. */
+	    umaskop = (int)*s;
+	    if (!(umaskop == '+' || umaskop == '-' || umaskop == '=')) {
+		if (umaskop)
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "bad symbolic mode operator: %c", NULL, umaskop);
+		else
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "bad umask", NULL, 0);
+		return 1;
+	    }
+	    /* Permissions mask -- r=read, w=write, x=execute. */
+	    mask = 0;
+	    while (*++s && *s != ',')
+		if (*s == 'r')
+		    mask |= 0444 & whomask;
+		else if (*s == 'w')
+		    mask |= 0222 & whomask;
+		else if (*s == 'x')
+		    mask |= 0111 & whomask;
+		else {
+		    zwarnnam(nam, "bad symbolic mode permission: %c",
+			     NULL, *s);
+		    return 1;
+		}
+	    /* Apply parsed argument to um. */
+	    if (umaskop == '+')
+		um &= ~mask;
+	    else if (umaskop == '-')
+		um |= mask;
+	    else		/* umaskop == '=' */
+		um = (um | (whomask)) & ~mask;
+	    if (*s == ',')
+		s++;
+	    else
+		break;
+	}
+	if (*s) {
+	    zwarnnam(nam, "bad character in symbolic mode: %c", NULL, *s);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* Finally, set the new umask. */
+    umask(um);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Generic builtin for facilities not available on this OS */
+
+/**/
+int
+bin_notavail(char *nam, char **argv, char *ops, int func)
+{
+    zwarnnam(nam, "not available on this system", NULL, 0);
+    return 1;
+}