7 files changed, 938 insertions, 13 deletions

diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/README.mallocng b/src/malloc/mallocng/README.mallocng
deleted file mode 100644
index da32bf06..00000000
--- a/src/malloc/mallocng/README.mallocng
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-This directory is a skeleton for upcoming merge of musl's new malloc
-implementation, mallocng. To use it, drop in copies of or symlinks to
-the following files from mallocng:
-
-- meta.h
-- malloc.c
-- realloc.c
-- free.c
-- aligned_alloc.c
-- malloc_usable_size.c
-
-and build with make variable MALLOC_DIR=mallocng in config.mak or on
-make command line.
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/aligned_alloc.c b/src/malloc/mallocng/aligned_alloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34116896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/aligned_alloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include "meta.h"
+
+void *aligned_alloc(size_t align, size_t len)
+{
+	if ((align & -align) != align) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (len > SIZE_MAX - align || align >= (1ULL<<31)*UNIT) {
+		errno = ENOMEM;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (DISABLE_ALIGNED_ALLOC) {
+		errno = ENOMEM;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (align <= UNIT) align = UNIT;
+
+	unsigned char *p = malloc(len + align - UNIT);
+	struct meta *g = get_meta(p);
+	int idx = get_slot_index(p);
+	size_t stride = get_stride(g);
+	unsigned char *start = g->mem->storage + stride*idx;
+	unsigned char *end = g->mem->storage + stride*(idx+1) - IB;
+	size_t adj = -(uintptr_t)p & (align-1);
+
+	if (!adj) {
+		set_size(p, end, len);
+		return p;
+	}
+	p += adj;
+	uint32_t offset = (size_t)(p-g->mem->storage)/UNIT;
+	if (offset <= 0xffff) {
+		*(uint16_t *)(p-2) = offset;
+		p[-4] = 0;
+	} else {
+		// use a 32-bit offset if 16-bit doesn't fit. for this,
+		// 16-bit field must be zero, [-4] byte nonzero.
+		*(uint16_t *)(p-2) = 0;
+		*(uint32_t *)(p-8) = offset;
+		p[-4] = 1;
+	}
+	p[-3] = idx;
+	set_size(p, end, len);
+	// store offset to aligned enframing. this facilitates cycling
+	// offset and also iteration of heap for debugging/measurement.
+	// for extreme overalignment it won't fit but these are classless
+	// allocations anyway.
+	*(uint16_t *)(start - 2) = (size_t)(p-start)/UNIT;
+	start[-3] = 7<<5;
+	return p;
+}
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/free.c b/src/malloc/mallocng/free.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40745f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/free.c
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#define _BSD_SOURCE
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include "meta.h"
+
+struct mapinfo {
+	void *base;
+	size_t len;
+};
+
+static struct mapinfo nontrivial_free(struct meta *, int);
+
+static struct mapinfo free_group(struct meta *g)
+{
+	struct mapinfo mi = { 0 };
+	int sc = g->sizeclass;
+	if (sc < 48) {
+		ctx.usage_by_class[sc] -= g->last_idx+1;
+	}
+	if (g->maplen) {
+		step_seq();
+		record_seq(sc);
+		mi.base = g->mem;
+		mi.len = g->maplen*4096UL;
+	} else {
+		void *p = g->mem;
+		struct meta *m = get_meta(p);
+		int idx = get_slot_index(p);
+		g->mem->meta = 0;
+		// not checking size/reserved here; it's intentionally invalid
+		mi = nontrivial_free(m, idx);
+	}
+	free_meta(g);
+	return mi;
+}
+
+static int okay_to_free(struct meta *g)
+{
+	int sc = g->sizeclass;
+
+	if (!g->freeable) return 0;
+
+	// always free individual mmaps not suitable for reuse
+	if (sc >= 48 || get_stride(g) < UNIT*size_classes[sc])
+		return 1;
+
+	// always free groups allocated inside another group's slot
+	// since recreating them should not be expensive and they
+	// might be blocking freeing of a much larger group.
+	if (!g->maplen) return 1;
+
+	// if there is another non-full group, free this one to
+	// consolidate future allocations, reduce fragmentation.
+	if (g->next != g) return 1;
+
+	// free any group in a size class that's not bouncing
+	if (!is_bouncing(sc)) return 1;
+
+	size_t cnt = g->last_idx+1;
+	size_t usage = ctx.usage_by_class[sc];
+
+	// if usage is high enough that a larger count should be
+	// used, free the low-count group so a new one will be made.
+	if (9*cnt <= usage && cnt < 20)
+		return 1;
+
+	// otherwise, keep the last group in a bouncing class.
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static struct mapinfo nontrivial_free(struct meta *g, int i)
+{
+	uint32_t self = 1u<<i;
+	int sc = g->sizeclass;
+	uint32_t mask = g->freed_mask | g->avail_mask;
+
+	if (mask+self == (2u<<g->last_idx)-1 && okay_to_free(g)) {
+		// any multi-slot group is necessarily on an active list
+		// here, but single-slot groups might or might not be.
+		if (g->next) {
+			assert(sc < 48);
+			int activate_new = (ctx.active[sc]==g);
+			dequeue(&ctx.active[sc], g);
+			if (activate_new && ctx.active[sc])
+				activate_group(ctx.active[sc]);
+		}
+		return free_group(g);
+	} else if (!mask) {
+		assert(sc < 48);
+		// might still be active if there were no allocations
+		// after last available slot was taken.
+		if (ctx.active[sc] != g) {
+			queue(&ctx.active[sc], g);
+		}
+	}
+	a_or(&g->freed_mask, self);
+	return (struct mapinfo){ 0 };
+}
+
+void free(void *p)
+{
+	if (!p) return;
+
+	struct meta *g = get_meta(p);
+	int idx = get_slot_index(p);
+	size_t stride = get_stride(g);
+	unsigned char *start = g->mem->storage + stride*idx;
+	unsigned char *end = start + stride - IB;
+	get_nominal_size(p, end);
+	uint32_t self = 1u<<idx, all = (2u<<g->last_idx)-1;
+	((unsigned char *)p)[-3] = 255;
+	// invalidate offset to group header, and cycle offset of
+	// used region within slot if current offset is zero.
+	*(uint16_t *)((char *)p-2) = 0;
+
+	// release any whole pages contained in the slot to be freed
+	// unless it's a single-slot group that will be unmapped.
+	if (((uintptr_t)(start-1) ^ (uintptr_t)end) >= 2*PGSZ && g->last_idx) {
+		unsigned char *base = start + (-(uintptr_t)start & (PGSZ-1));
+		size_t len = (end-base) & -PGSZ;
+		if (len) madvise(base, len, MADV_FREE);
+	}
+
+	// atomic free without locking if this is neither first or last slot
+	for (;;) {
+		uint32_t freed = g->freed_mask;
+		uint32_t avail = g->avail_mask;
+		uint32_t mask = freed | avail;
+		assert(!(mask&self));
+		if (!freed || mask+self==all) break;
+		if (!MT)
+			g->freed_mask = freed+self;
+		else if (a_cas(&g->freed_mask, freed, freed+self)!=freed)
+			continue;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	wrlock();
+	struct mapinfo mi = nontrivial_free(g, idx);
+	unlock();
+	if (mi.len) munmap(mi.base, mi.len);
+}
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc.c b/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d695ab8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "meta.h"
+
+LOCK_OBJ_DEF;
+
+const uint16_t size_classes[] = {
+	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
+	9, 10, 12, 15,
+	18, 20, 25, 31,
+	36, 42, 50, 63,
+	72, 84, 102, 127,
+	146, 170, 204, 255,
+	292, 340, 409, 511,
+	584, 682, 818, 1023,
+	1169, 1364, 1637, 2047,
+	2340, 2730, 3276, 4095,
+	4680, 5460, 6552, 8191,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t small_cnt_tab[][3] = {
+	{ 30, 30, 30 },
+	{ 31, 15, 15 },
+	{ 20, 10, 10 },
+	{ 31, 15, 7 },
+	{ 25, 12, 6 },
+	{ 21, 10, 5 },
+	{ 18, 8, 4 },
+	{ 31, 15, 7 },
+	{ 28, 14, 6 },
+};
+
+static const uint8_t med_cnt_tab[4] = { 28, 24, 20, 32 };
+
+struct malloc_context ctx = { 0 };
+
+struct meta *alloc_meta(void)
+{
+	struct meta *m;
+	unsigned char *p;
+	if (!ctx.init_done) {
+#ifndef PAGESIZE
+		ctx.pagesize = get_page_size();
+#endif
+		ctx.secret = get_random_secret();
+		ctx.init_done = 1;
+	}
+	size_t pagesize = PGSZ;
+	if (pagesize < 4096) pagesize = 4096;
+	if ((m = dequeue_head(&ctx.free_meta_head))) return m;
+	if (!ctx.avail_meta_count) {
+		int need_unprotect = 1;
+		if (!ctx.avail_meta_area_count && ctx.brk!=-1) {
+			uintptr_t new = ctx.brk + pagesize;
+			int need_guard = 0;
+			if (!ctx.brk) {
+				need_guard = 1;
+				ctx.brk = brk(0);
+				// some ancient kernels returned _ebss
+				// instead of next page as initial brk.
+				ctx.brk += -ctx.brk & (pagesize-1);
+				new = ctx.brk + 2*pagesize;
+			}
+			if (brk(new) != new) {
+				ctx.brk = -1;
+			} else {
+				if (need_guard) mmap((void *)ctx.brk, pagesize,
+					PROT_NONE, MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
+				ctx.brk = new;
+				ctx.avail_meta_areas = (void *)(new - pagesize);
+				ctx.avail_meta_area_count = pagesize>>12;
+				need_unprotect = 0;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!ctx.avail_meta_area_count) {
+			size_t n = 2UL << ctx.meta_alloc_shift;
+			p = mmap(0, n*pagesize, PROT_NONE,
+				MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
+			if (p==MAP_FAILED) return 0;
+			ctx.avail_meta_areas = p + pagesize;
+			ctx.avail_meta_area_count = (n-1)*(pagesize>>12);
+			ctx.meta_alloc_shift++;
+		}
+		p = ctx.avail_meta_areas;
+		if ((uintptr_t)p & (pagesize-1)) need_unprotect = 0;
+		if (need_unprotect)
+			if (mprotect(p, pagesize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)
+			    && errno != ENOSYS)
+				return 0;
+		ctx.avail_meta_area_count--;
+		ctx.avail_meta_areas = p + 4096;
+		if (ctx.meta_area_tail) {
+			ctx.meta_area_tail->next = (void *)p;
+		} else {
+			ctx.meta_area_head = (void *)p;
+		}
+		ctx.meta_area_tail = (void *)p;
+		ctx.meta_area_tail->check = ctx.secret;
+		ctx.avail_meta_count = ctx.meta_area_tail->nslots
+			= (4096-sizeof(struct meta_area))/sizeof *m;
+		ctx.avail_meta = ctx.meta_area_tail->slots;
+	}
+	ctx.avail_meta_count--;
+	m = ctx.avail_meta++;
+	m->prev = m->next = 0;
+	return m;
+}
+
+static uint32_t try_avail(struct meta **pm)
+{
+	struct meta *m = *pm;
+	uint32_t first;
+	if (!m) return 0;
+	uint32_t mask = m->avail_mask;
+	if (!mask) {
+		if (!m) return 0;
+		if (!m->freed_mask) {
+			dequeue(pm, m);
+			m = *pm;
+			if (!m) return 0;
+		} else {
+			m = m->next;
+			*pm = m;
+		}
+
+		mask = m->freed_mask;
+
+		// skip fully-free group unless it's the only one
+		// or it's a permanently non-freeable group
+		if (mask == (2u<<m->last_idx)-1 && m->freeable) {
+			m = m->next;
+			*pm = m;
+			mask = m->freed_mask;
+		}
+
+		// activate more slots in a not-fully-active group
+		// if needed, but only as a last resort. prefer using
+		// any other group with free slots. this avoids
+		// touching & dirtying as-yet-unused pages.
+		if (!(mask & ((2u<<m->mem->active_idx)-1))) {
+			if (m->next != m) {
+				m = m->next;
+				*pm = m;
+			} else {
+				int cnt = m->mem->active_idx + 2;
+				int size = size_classes[m->sizeclass]*UNIT;
+				int span = UNIT + size*cnt;
+				// activate up to next 4k boundary
+				while ((span^(span+size-1)) < 4096) {
+					cnt++;
+					span += size;
+				}
+				if (cnt > m->last_idx+1)
+					cnt = m->last_idx+1;
+				m->mem->active_idx = cnt-1;
+			}
+		}
+		mask = activate_group(m);
+		assert(mask);
+		decay_bounces(m->sizeclass);
+	}
+	first = mask&-mask;
+	m->avail_mask = mask-first;
+	return first;
+}
+
+static int alloc_slot(int, size_t);
+
+static struct meta *alloc_group(int sc, size_t req)
+{
+	size_t size = UNIT*size_classes[sc];
+	int i = 0, cnt;
+	unsigned char *p;
+	struct meta *m = alloc_meta();
+	if (!m) return 0;
+	size_t usage = ctx.usage_by_class[sc];
+	size_t pagesize = PGSZ;
+	int active_idx;
+	if (sc < 9) {
+		while (i<2 && 4*small_cnt_tab[sc][i] > usage)
+			i++;
+		cnt = small_cnt_tab[sc][i];
+	} else {
+		// lookup max number of slots fitting in power-of-two size
+		// from a table, along with number of factors of two we
+		// can divide out without a remainder or reaching 1.
+		cnt = med_cnt_tab[sc&3];
+
+		// reduce cnt to avoid excessive eagar allocation.
+		while (!(cnt&1) && 4*cnt > usage)
+			cnt >>= 1;
+
+		// data structures don't support groups whose slot offsets
+		// in units don't fit in 16 bits.
+		while (size*cnt >= 65536*UNIT)
+			cnt >>= 1;
+	}
+
+	// If we selected a count of 1 above but it's not sufficient to use
+	// mmap, increase to 2. Then it might be; if not it will nest.
+	if (cnt==1 && size*cnt+UNIT <= pagesize/2) cnt = 2;
+
+	// All choices of size*cnt are "just below" a power of two, so anything
+	// larger than half the page size should be allocated as whole pages.
+	if (size*cnt+UNIT > pagesize/2) {
+		// check/update bounce counter to start/increase retention
+		// of freed maps, and inhibit use of low-count, odd-size
+		// small mappings and single-slot groups if activated.
+		int nosmall = is_bouncing(sc);
+		account_bounce(sc);
+		step_seq();
+
+		// since the following count reduction opportunities have
+		// an absolute memory usage cost, don't overdo them. count
+		// coarse usage as part of usage.
+		if (!(sc&1) && sc<32) usage += ctx.usage_by_class[sc+1];
+
+		// try to drop to a lower count if the one found above
+		// increases usage by more than 25%. these reduced counts
+		// roughly fill an integral number of pages, just not a
+		// power of two, limiting amount of unusable space.
+		if (4*cnt > usage && !nosmall) {
+			if (0);
+			else if ((sc&3)==1 && size*cnt>8*pagesize) cnt = 2;
+			else if ((sc&3)==2 && size*cnt>4*pagesize) cnt = 3;
+			else if ((sc&3)==0 && size*cnt>8*pagesize) cnt = 3;
+			else if ((sc&3)==0 && size*cnt>2*pagesize) cnt = 5;
+		}
+		size_t needed = size*cnt + UNIT;
+		needed += -needed & (pagesize-1);
+
+		// produce an individually-mmapped allocation if usage is low,
+		// bounce counter hasn't triggered, and either it saves memory
+		// or it avoids eagar slot allocation without wasting too much.
+		if (!nosmall && cnt<=7) {
+			req += IB + UNIT;
+			req += -req & (pagesize-1);
+			if (req<size+UNIT || (req>=4*pagesize && 2*cnt>usage)) {
+				cnt = 1;
+				needed = req;
+			}
+		}
+
+		p = mmap(0, needed, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
+		if (p==MAP_FAILED) {
+			free_meta(m);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		m->maplen = needed>>12;
+		ctx.mmap_counter++;
+		active_idx = (4096-UNIT)/size-1;
+		if (active_idx > cnt-1) active_idx = cnt-1;
+		if (active_idx < 0) active_idx = 0;
+	} else {
+		int j = size_to_class(UNIT+cnt*size-IB);
+		int idx = alloc_slot(j, UNIT+cnt*size-IB);
+		if (idx < 0) {
+			free_meta(m);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		struct meta *g = ctx.active[j];
+		p = enframe(g, idx, UNIT*size_classes[j]-IB, ctx.mmap_counter);
+		m->maplen = 0;
+		p[-3] = (p[-3]&31) | (6<<5);
+		for (int i=0; i<=cnt; i++)
+			p[UNIT+i*size-4] = 0;
+		active_idx = cnt-1;
+	}
+	ctx.usage_by_class[sc] += cnt;
+	m->avail_mask = (2u<<active_idx)-1;
+	m->freed_mask = (2u<<(cnt-1))-1 - m->avail_mask;
+	m->mem = (void *)p;
+	m->mem->meta = m;
+	m->mem->active_idx = active_idx;
+	m->last_idx = cnt-1;
+	m->freeable = 1;
+	m->sizeclass = sc;
+	return m;
+}
+
+static int alloc_slot(int sc, size_t req)
+{
+	uint32_t first = try_avail(&ctx.active[sc]);
+	if (first) return a_ctz_32(first);
+
+	struct meta *g = alloc_group(sc, req);
+	if (!g) return -1;
+
+	g->avail_mask--;
+	queue(&ctx.active[sc], g);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void *malloc(size_t n)
+{
+	if (size_overflows(n)) return 0;
+	struct meta *g;
+	uint32_t mask, first;
+	int sc;
+	int idx;
+	int ctr;
+
+	if (n >= MMAP_THRESHOLD) {
+		size_t needed = n + IB + UNIT;
+		void *p = mmap(0, needed, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+			MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
+		if (p==MAP_FAILED) return 0;
+		wrlock();
+		step_seq();
+		g = alloc_meta();
+		if (!g) {
+			unlock();
+			munmap(p, needed);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		g->mem = p;
+		g->mem->meta = g;
+		g->last_idx = 0;
+		g->freeable = 1;
+		g->sizeclass = 63;
+		g->maplen = (needed+4095)/4096;
+		g->avail_mask = g->freed_mask = 0;
+		// use a global counter to cycle offset in
+		// individually-mmapped allocations.
+		ctx.mmap_counter++;
+		idx = 0;
+		goto success;
+	}
+
+	sc = size_to_class(n);
+
+	rdlock();
+	g = ctx.active[sc];
+
+	// use coarse size classes initially when there are not yet
+	// any groups of desired size. this allows counts of 2 or 3
+	// to be allocated at first rather than having to start with
+	// 7 or 5, the min counts for even size classes.
+	if (!g && sc>=4 && sc<32 && sc!=6 && !(sc&1) && !ctx.usage_by_class[sc]) {
+		size_t usage = ctx.usage_by_class[sc|1];
+		// if a new group may be allocated, count it toward
+		// usage in deciding if we can use coarse class.
+		if (!ctx.active[sc|1] || (!ctx.active[sc|1]->avail_mask
+		    && !ctx.active[sc|1]->freed_mask))
+			usage += 3;
+		if (usage <= 12)
+			sc |= 1;
+		g = ctx.active[sc];
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		mask = g ? g->avail_mask : 0;
+		first = mask&-mask;
+		if (!first) break;
+		if (RDLOCK_IS_EXCLUSIVE || !MT)
+			g->avail_mask = mask-first;
+		else if (a_cas(&g->avail_mask, mask, mask-first)!=mask)
+			continue;
+		idx = a_ctz_32(first);
+		goto success;
+	}
+	upgradelock();
+
+	idx = alloc_slot(sc, n);
+	if (idx < 0) {
+		unlock();
+		return 0;
+	}
+	g = ctx.active[sc];
+
+success:
+	ctr = ctx.mmap_counter;
+	unlock();
+	return enframe(g, idx, n, ctr);
+}
+
+int is_allzero(void *p)
+{
+	struct meta *g = get_meta(p);
+	return g->sizeclass >= 48 ||
+		get_stride(g) < UNIT*size_classes[g->sizeclass];
+}
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc_usable_size.c b/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc_usable_size.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a440a4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/malloc_usable_size.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "meta.h"
+
+size_t malloc_usable_size(void *p)
+{
+	struct meta *g = get_meta(p);
+	int idx = get_slot_index(p);
+	size_t stride = get_stride(g);
+	unsigned char *start = g->mem->storage + stride*idx;
+	unsigned char *end = start + stride - IB;
+	return get_nominal_size(p, end);
+}
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/meta.h b/src/malloc/mallocng/meta.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61ec53f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/meta.h
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+#ifndef MALLOC_META_H
+#define MALLOC_META_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include "glue.h"
+
+__attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
+extern const uint16_t size_classes[];
+
+#define MMAP_THRESHOLD 131052
+
+#define UNIT 16
+#define IB 4
+
+struct group {
+	struct meta *meta;
+	unsigned char active_idx:5;
+	char pad[UNIT - sizeof(struct meta *) - 1];
+	unsigned char storage[];
+};
+
+struct meta {
+	struct meta *prev, *next;
+	struct group *mem;
+	volatile int avail_mask, freed_mask;
+	uintptr_t last_idx:5;
+	uintptr_t freeable:1;
+	uintptr_t sizeclass:6;
+	uintptr_t maplen:8*sizeof(uintptr_t)-12;
+};
+
+struct meta_area {
+	uint64_t check;
+	struct meta_area *next;
+	int nslots;
+	struct meta slots[];
+};
+
+struct malloc_context {
+	uint64_t secret;
+#ifndef PAGESIZE
+	size_t pagesize;
+#endif
+	int init_done;
+	unsigned mmap_counter;
+	struct meta *free_meta_head;
+	struct meta *avail_meta;
+	size_t avail_meta_count, avail_meta_area_count, meta_alloc_shift;
+	struct meta_area *meta_area_head, *meta_area_tail;
+	unsigned char *avail_meta_areas;
+	struct meta *active[48];
+	size_t usage_by_class[48];
+	uint8_t unmap_seq[32], bounces[32];
+	uint8_t seq;
+	uintptr_t brk;
+};
+
+__attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
+extern struct malloc_context ctx;
+
+#ifdef PAGESIZE
+#define PGSZ PAGESIZE
+#else
+#define PGSZ ctx.pagesize
+#endif
+
+__attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
+struct meta *alloc_meta(void);
+
+__attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
+int is_allzero(void *);
+
+static inline void queue(struct meta **phead, struct meta *m)
+{
+	assert(!m->next);
+	assert(!m->prev);
+	if (*phead) {
+		struct meta *head = *phead;
+		m->next = head;
+		m->prev = head->prev;
+		m->next->prev = m->prev->next = m;
+	} else {
+		m->prev = m->next = m;
+		*phead = m;
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void dequeue(struct meta **phead, struct meta *m)
+{
+	if (m->next != m) {
+		m->prev->next = m->next;
+		m->next->prev = m->prev;
+		if (*phead == m) *phead = m->next;
+	} else {
+		*phead = 0;
+	}
+	m->prev = m->next = 0;
+}
+
+static inline struct meta *dequeue_head(struct meta **phead)
+{
+	struct meta *m = *phead;
+	if (m) dequeue(phead, m);
+	return m;
+}
+
+static inline void free_meta(struct meta *m)
+{
+	*m = (struct meta){0};
+	queue(&ctx.free_meta_head, m);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t activate_group(struct meta *m)
+{
+	assert(!m->avail_mask);
+	uint32_t mask, act = (2u<<m->mem->active_idx)-1;
+	do mask = m->freed_mask;
+	while (a_cas(&m->freed_mask, mask, mask&~act)!=mask);
+	return m->avail_mask = mask & act;
+}
+
+static inline int get_slot_index(const unsigned char *p)
+{
+	return p[-3] & 31;
+}
+
+static inline struct meta *get_meta(const unsigned char *p)
+{
+	assert(!((uintptr_t)p & 15));
+	int offset = *(const uint16_t *)(p - 2);
+	int index = get_slot_index(p);
+	if (p[-4]) {
+		assert(!offset);
+		offset = *(uint32_t *)(p - 8);
+		assert(offset > 0xffff);
+	}
+	const struct group *base = (const void *)(p - UNIT*offset - UNIT);
+	const struct meta *meta = base->meta;
+	assert(meta->mem == base);
+	assert(index <= meta->last_idx);
+	assert(!(meta->avail_mask & (1u<<index)));
+	assert(!(meta->freed_mask & (1u<<index)));
+	const struct meta_area *area = (void *)((uintptr_t)meta & -4096);
+	assert(area->check == ctx.secret);
+	if (meta->sizeclass < 48) {
+		assert(offset >= size_classes[meta->sizeclass]*index);
+		assert(offset < size_classes[meta->sizeclass]*(index+1));
+	} else {
+		assert(meta->sizeclass == 63);
+	}
+	if (meta->maplen) {
+		assert(offset <= meta->maplen*4096UL/UNIT - 1);
+	}
+	return (struct meta *)meta;
+}
+
+static inline size_t get_nominal_size(const unsigned char *p, const unsigned char *end)
+{
+	size_t reserved = p[-3] >> 5;
+	if (reserved >= 5) {
+		assert(reserved == 5);
+		reserved = *(const uint32_t *)(end-4);
+		assert(reserved >= 5);
+		assert(!end[-5]);
+	}
+	assert(reserved <= end-p);
+	assert(!*(end-reserved));
+	// also check the slot's overflow byte
+	assert(!*end);
+	return end-reserved-p;
+}
+
+static inline size_t get_stride(const struct meta *g)
+{
+	if (!g->last_idx && g->maplen) {
+		return g->maplen*4096UL - UNIT;
+	} else {
+		return UNIT*size_classes[g->sizeclass];
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void set_size(unsigned char *p, unsigned char *end, size_t n)
+{
+	int reserved = end-p-n;
+	if (reserved) end[-reserved] = 0;
+	if (reserved >= 5) {
+		*(uint32_t *)(end-4) = reserved;
+		end[-5] = 0;
+		reserved = 5;
+	}
+	p[-3] = (p[-3]&31) + (reserved<<5);
+}
+
+static inline void *enframe(struct meta *g, int idx, size_t n, int ctr)
+{
+	size_t stride = get_stride(g);
+	size_t slack = (stride-IB-n)/UNIT;
+	unsigned char *p = g->mem->storage + stride*idx;
+	unsigned char *end = p+stride-IB;
+	// cycle offset within slot to increase interval to address
+	// reuse, facilitate trapping double-free.
+	int off = (p[-3] ? *(uint16_t *)(p-2) + 1 : ctr) & 255;
+	assert(!p[-4]);
+	if (off > slack) {
+		size_t m = slack;
+		m |= m>>1; m |= m>>2; m |= m>>4;
+		off &= m;
+		if (off > slack) off -= slack+1;
+		assert(off <= slack);
+	}
+	if (off) {
+		// store offset in unused header at offset zero
+		// if enframing at non-zero offset.
+		*(uint16_t *)(p-2) = off;
+		p[-3] = 7<<5;
+		p += UNIT*off;
+		// for nonzero offset there is no permanent check
+		// byte, so make one.
+		p[-4] = 0;
+	}
+	*(uint16_t *)(p-2) = (size_t)(p-g->mem->storage)/UNIT;
+	p[-3] = idx;
+	set_size(p, end, n);
+	return p;
+}
+
+static inline int size_to_class(size_t n)
+{
+	n = (n+IB-1)>>4;
+	if (n<10) return n;
+	n++;
+	int i = (28-a_clz_32(n))*4 + 8;
+	if (n>size_classes[i+1]) i+=2;
+	if (n>size_classes[i]) i++;
+	return i;
+}
+
+static inline int size_overflows(size_t n)
+{
+	if (n >= SIZE_MAX/2 - 4096) {
+		errno = ENOMEM;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void step_seq(void)
+{
+	if (ctx.seq==255) {
+		for (int i=0; i<32; i++) ctx.unmap_seq[i] = 0;
+		ctx.seq = 1;
+	} else {
+		ctx.seq++;
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void record_seq(int sc)
+{
+	if (sc-7U < 32) ctx.unmap_seq[sc-7] = ctx.seq;
+}
+
+static inline void account_bounce(int sc)
+{
+	if (sc-7U < 32) {
+		int seq = ctx.unmap_seq[sc-7];
+		if (seq && ctx.seq-seq < 10) {
+			if (ctx.bounces[sc-7]+1 < 100)
+				ctx.bounces[sc-7]++;
+			else
+				ctx.bounces[sc-7] = 150;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void decay_bounces(int sc)
+{
+	if (sc-7U < 32 && ctx.bounces[sc-7])
+		ctx.bounces[sc-7]--;
+}
+
+static inline int is_bouncing(int sc)
+{
+	return (sc-7U < 32 && ctx.bounces[sc-7] >= 100);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/malloc/mallocng/realloc.c b/src/malloc/mallocng/realloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18769f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/malloc/mallocng/realloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "meta.h"
+
+void *realloc(void *p, size_t n)
+{
+	if (!p) return malloc(n);
+	if (size_overflows(n)) return 0;
+
+	struct meta *g = get_meta(p);
+	int idx = get_slot_index(p);
+	size_t stride = get_stride(g);
+	unsigned char *start = g->mem->storage + stride*idx;
+	unsigned char *end = start + stride - IB;
+	size_t old_size = get_nominal_size(p, end);
+	size_t avail_size = end-(unsigned char *)p;
+	void *new;
+
+	// only resize in-place if size class matches
+	if (n <= avail_size && n<MMAP_THRESHOLD
+	    && size_to_class(n)+1 >= g->sizeclass) {
+		set_size(p, end, n);
+		return p;
+	}
+
+	// use mremap if old and new size are both mmap-worthy
+	if (g->sizeclass>=48 && n>=MMAP_THRESHOLD) {
+		assert(g->sizeclass==63);
+		size_t base = (unsigned char *)p-start;
+		size_t needed = (n + base + UNIT + IB + 4095) & -4096;
+		new = g->maplen*4096UL == needed ? g->mem :
+			mremap(g->mem, g->maplen*4096UL, needed, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
+		if (new!=MAP_FAILED) {
+			g->mem = new;
+			g->maplen = needed/4096;
+			p = g->mem->storage + base;
+			end = g->mem->storage + (needed - UNIT) - IB;
+			*end = 0;
+			set_size(p, end, n);
+			return p;
+		}
+	}
+
+	new = malloc(n);
+	if (!new) return 0;
+	memcpy(new, p, n < old_size ? n : old_size);
+	free(p);
+	return new;
+}