path: root/timezone/australasia

# @(#)australasia	7.60
# This file also includes Pacific islands.

# Notes are at the end of this file

###############################################################################

# Australia

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Northern Territory
Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
			 9:30	Aus	CST
# Western Australia
Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
			 8:00	-	WST	1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
			 8:00	1:00	WST	1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
			 8:00	-	WST	1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
			 8:00	1:00	WST	1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
			 8:00	-	WST	1991 Nov 17 2:00s
			 8:00	1:00	WST	1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
			 8:00	-	WST
# Queensland
#
# From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
# Queensland ceased to.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
# so use Lindeman.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
			10:00	AQ	EST
Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
			10:00	Holiday	EST

# South Australia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AS	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1990	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AS	1995	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
			9:30	AS	CST

# Tasmania
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	1991	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
			10:00	AT	EST

# Victoria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AV	1995	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AV	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
			10:00	AV	EST

# New South Wales
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	AN	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
			10:00	AN	EST
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
			9:30	AN	CST	2000
			9:30	AS	CST

# Lord Howe Island
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30s	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:30s	0	-
Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:30s	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30s	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:30s	0	-
Rule	LH	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30s	0	-
Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:30s	0:30	-
Rule	LH	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30s	0:30	-
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
			10:30	LH	LHST

# Australian miscellany
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# no information
#
# Macquarie
# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner

# Christmas
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time

# Cook Is
# From Shanks:
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT

# Cocos
# From USNO (1989):
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time

# Fiji
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Fiji	1998	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Fiji	1999	max	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:53:40 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time

# French Polynesia
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# it is uninhabited.

# Guam
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Guam	 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
			10:00	-	GST

# Kiribati
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
			 13:00	-	PHOT
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
			-10:40	-	LINT	1979 Oct # Line Is Time
			-10:00	-	LINT	1995
			 14:00	-	LINT

# N Mariana Is
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Saipan	 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
			10:00	-	MPT

# Marshall Is
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
			12:00	-	MHT
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
			12:00	-	MHT

# Micronesia
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Yap	9:12:32	-	LMT	1901		# Colonia
			9:00	-	YAPT	1969 Oct	# Yap Time
			10:00	-	YAPT
Zone Pacific/Truk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
			10:00	-	TRUT			# Truk Time
Zone Pacific/Ponape	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
			11:00	-	PONT			# Ponape Time
Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
			12:00	-	KOST	1999
			11:00	-	KOST

# Nauru
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15	# Nauru Time
			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
			12:00	-	NRT

# New Caledonia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
			11:00	NC	NC%sT


###############################################################################

# New Zealand

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
# 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	26	2:00	0:30	HD
Rule	NZ	1928	1929	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Nov	 4	2:00	0:30	HD
Rule	NZ	1929	only	-	Oct	30	2:00	0:30	HD
Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	HD
# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
# didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	NZ	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	HD
Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868
			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1940 Sep 29 2:00
			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT


# Auckland Is
# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered

# Campbell I
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland

###############################################################################


# Niue
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901		# Alofi
			-11:20	-	NUT	1951	# Niue Time
			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct 1
			-11:00	-	NUT

# Norfolk
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time

# Palau (Belau)
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time

# Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
			9:48:40	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time

# Pitcairn
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time

# American Samoa
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa

# W Samoa
Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
			-11:00	-	WST			# W Samoa Time

# Solomon Is
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time

# Tokelau Is
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
			-10:00	-	TKT	# Tokelau Time

# Tonga
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Tonga	1999	max	-	Oct	Sat>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tonga	2000	max	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
			13:00	-	TOT	1999
			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT

# Tuvalu
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time


# US minor outlying islands

# Howland, Baker
# uninhabited since World War II
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago

# Jarvis
# uninhabited since 1958
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

# Johnston
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST

# Kingman
# uninhabited

# Midway
Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa

# Palmyra
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

# Wake
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time


# Vanuatu
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time

# Wallis and Futuna
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time

###############################################################################

# NOTES

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#		std dst
#		LMT	Local Mean Time
#	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
#	  9:00	JST	Japan
#	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
#	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
#	 10:00	GST	Guam
#	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand
#	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
#	-11:00	SST	Samoa
#	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
#
# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.

###############################################################################

# Australia

# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
# It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
# time'.
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
# or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.

# From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
#	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
#	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
#	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
# Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.

# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
# 
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
# 
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# </a>
# ACT
# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
# </a>
# SA
# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# </a>

# Northern Territory

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
# ...
# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.

# Western Australia

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
# #	before reaching parliament.
# ...
# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.

# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
# work at 9.00am.)
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
# everybody again.

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.

# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.

# Queensland
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E

# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
# October 1989).

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
# me.)

# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
# ...
# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# ...

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.

# South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The rules from version 7.1 follow.
# There are lots of differences between these rules and
# the Shepherd et al. rules.  Since the Shepherd et al. rules
# and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
# current DST ending dates, no worries.
#
# Rule	Oz	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
# Rule	Oz	1986	max	-	Oct	Sun<=24	2:00	1:00	-
# Rule	Oz	1972	only	-	Feb	27	3:00	0	-
# Rule	Oz	1973	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
# Rule	Oz	1987	max	-	Mar	Sun<=21	3:00	0	-
# Zone	Australia/Tasmania	10:00	Oz	EST
# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	Oz	CST
# Zone	Australia/Victoria	10:00	Oz	EST	1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
#				10:00	1:00	EST	1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
#				10:00	Oz	EST

# From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
# that changed Oct 89.  That is, we're back to the
# original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
# that have dst, incl Qld.  (Certainly it was true in Vic).
# The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
# that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.

# South Australia

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun<=21	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C

# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
# is on...

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).

# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....

# From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.

# Tasmania

# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]

# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).

# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
# instead of the first Sunday in October.

# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300

# Victoria

# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]

# New South Wales

# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
# Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
# who notes:
#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
#	I have researched New South Wales time only...

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
# Daylight Saving
# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW.  See:
# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
# </a>

# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
# Two months more daylight saving
# </a>
# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# See the following official NSW source:
# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# </a>
#
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
# daylight saving next year.  See:
# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
# </a> (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
#
# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
# Vic to extend daylight saving
# </a> (1999-07-28).
#
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
# </a> (1999-07-19).
#
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
#
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
# Broken Hill to be behind the times
# </a> (1999-07-21).

# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.

# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
# Twin Towns Services Club (in Tweed Heads, near the Queensland border)
# will maintain Queensland time. The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie
# is encouraging northern NSW towns to use Queensland time.

# Yancowinna

# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
# # presently available.
# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
# [followed by other Rules]

# Lord Howe Island

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
#					[ Dec 1990 ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
# instead of only 30 minutes.  Dependant on the wishes of residents
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.

# From Jesper Norgaard <jnorgard@Prodigy.net.mx> (2000-09-04):
# James Lonergan said that the island always tries to stay in sync
# with the rest of NSW at all time except for the fact that they stay
# ahead half an hour when DST is not observed. If this is interpreted
# literally, they should change clocks at the exact moment that
# e.g. Canberra changes from normal to daylight saving and vice versa.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter,
# However, as per Norgaard we modify Shanks by assuming 02:30s switchover
# for half-hour DST.

###############################################################################

# New Zealand

# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
# ...
# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
# rather than the October 1 value.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
# Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
# Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.

###############################################################################


# Fiji

# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).

# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will 
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.

# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
# millenium.


# Johnston

# Johnston data is from usno1995.


# Kiribati

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.


# Kwajalein

# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.


# N Mariana Is, Guam

# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
# Ignore this for now, as we have no hard data.  See also Asia/Manila.


# Micronesia

# Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
#
# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
# ignore this for now.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
# </a> (1999-01-26)
# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.


# Pitcairn

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
#
#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
#
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
# somehow in light of this proclamation.

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
# ... at midnight.

# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.


# Samoa

# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''


# Tonga

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.

# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
# </a>:

# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
#
# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
#
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# minutes we have lost?"
#
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."

# From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
# Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.

# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
# 
# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
# </a>
# 
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# (12 + 1 hour DST).

# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
# </a>:
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 
# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on 
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.

# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.


###############################################################################

# The International Date Line

# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
# 
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
#
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
#
# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees.  The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.