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/* Quad-precision floating point e^x.
Copyright (C) 1999,2004,2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
Contributed by Jakub Jelinek <jj@ultra.linux.cz>
Partly based on double-precision code
by Geoffrey Keating <geoffk@ozemail.com.au>
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA. */
/* The basic design here is from
Abraham Ziv, "Fast Evaluation of Elementary Mathematical Functions with
Correctly Rounded Last Bit", ACM Trans. Math. Soft., 17 (3), September 1991,
pp. 410-423.
We work with number pairs where the first number is the high part and
the second one is the low part. Arithmetic with the high part numbers must
be exact, without any roundoff errors.
The input value, X, is written as
X = n * ln(2)_0 + arg1[t1]_0 + arg2[t2]_0 + x
- n * ln(2)_1 + arg1[t1]_1 + arg2[t2]_1 + xl
where:
- n is an integer, 16384 >= n >= -16495;
- ln(2)_0 is the first 93 bits of ln(2), and |ln(2)_0-ln(2)-ln(2)_1| < 2^-205
- t1 is an integer, 89 >= t1 >= -89
- t2 is an integer, 65 >= t2 >= -65
- |arg1[t1]-t1/256.0| < 2^-53
- |arg2[t2]-t2/32768.0| < 2^-53
- x + xl is whatever is left, |x + xl| < 2^-16 + 2^-53
Then e^x is approximated as
e^x = 2^n_1 ( 2^n_0 e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1)
+ 2^n_0 e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1)
* p (x + xl + n * ln(2)_1))
where:
- p(x) is a polynomial approximating e(x)-1
- e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) is obtained from a table
- e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1) likewise
- n_1 + n_0 = n, so that |n_0| < -LDBL_MIN_EXP-1.
If it happens that n_1 == 0 (this is the usual case), that multiplication
is omitted.
*/
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif
#include <float.h>
#include <ieee754.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <fenv.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <math_private.h>
#include <sysdeps/ieee754/ldbl-128/t_expl.h>
static const long double C[] = {
/* Smallest integer x for which e^x overflows. */
#define himark C[0]
709.08956571282405153382846025171462914L,
/* Largest integer x for which e^x underflows. */
#define lomark C[1]
-709.08956571282405153382846025171462914L,
/* 3x2^96 */
#define THREEp96 C[2]
59421121885698253195157962752.0L,
/* 3x2^103 */
#define THREEp103 C[3]
30423614405477505635920876929024.0L,
/* 3x2^111 */
#define THREEp111 C[4]
7788445287802241442795744493830144.0L,
/* 1/ln(2) */
#define M_1_LN2 C[5]
1.44269504088896340735992468100189204L,
/* first 93 bits of ln(2) */
#define M_LN2_0 C[6]
0.693147180559945309417232121457981864L,
/* ln2_0 - ln(2) */
#define M_LN2_1 C[7]
-1.94704509238074995158795957333327386E-31L,
/* very small number */
#define TINY C[8]
1.0e-308L,
/* 2^16383 */
#define TWO1023 C[9]
8.988465674311579538646525953945123668E+307L,
/* 256 */
#define TWO8 C[10]
256.0L,
/* 32768 */
#define TWO15 C[11]
32768.0L,
/* Chebyshev polynom coeficients for (exp(x)-1)/x */
#define P1 C[12]
#define P2 C[13]
#define P3 C[14]
#define P4 C[15]
#define P5 C[16]
#define P6 C[17]
0.5L,
1.66666666666666666666666666666666683E-01L,
4.16666666666666666666654902320001674E-02L,
8.33333333333333333333314659767198461E-03L,
1.38888888889899438565058018857254025E-03L,
1.98412698413981650382436541785404286E-04L,
};
long double
__ieee754_expl (long double x)
{
/* Check for usual case. */
if (isless (x, himark) && isgreater (x, lomark))
{
int tval1, tval2, unsafe, n_i, exponent2;
long double x22, n, result, xl;
union ibm_extended_long_double ex2_u, scale_u;
fenv_t oldenv;
feholdexcept (&oldenv);
#ifdef FE_TONEAREST
fesetround (FE_TONEAREST);
#endif
n = roundl(x*M_1_LN2);
x = x-n*M_LN2_0;
xl = n*M_LN2_1;
tval1 = roundl(x*TWO8);
x -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG1+2*tval1];
xl -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG1+2*tval1+1];
tval2 = roundl(x*TWO15);
x -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG2+2*tval2];
xl -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG2+2*tval2+1];
x = x + xl;
/* Compute ex2 = 2^n_0 e^(argtable[tval1]) e^(argtable[tval2]). */
ex2_u.d = __expl_table[T_EXPL_RES1 + tval1]
* __expl_table[T_EXPL_RES2 + tval2];
n_i = (int)n;
/* 'unsafe' is 1 iff n_1 != 0. */
unsafe = fabsl(n_i) >= -LDBL_MIN_EXP - 1;
ex2_u.ieee.exponent += n_i >> unsafe;
/* Fortunately, there are no subnormal lowpart doubles in
__expl_table, only normal values and zeros.
But after scaling it can be subnormal. */
exponent2 = ex2_u.ieee.exponent2 + (n_i >> unsafe);
if (ex2_u.ieee.exponent2 == 0)
/* assert ((ex2_u.ieee.mantissa2|ex2_u.ieee.mantissa3) == 0) */;
else if (exponent2 > 0)
ex2_u.ieee.exponent2 = exponent2;
else if (exponent2 <= -54)
{
ex2_u.ieee.exponent2 = 0;
ex2_u.ieee.mantissa2 = 0;
ex2_u.ieee.mantissa3 = 0;
}
else
{
static const double
two54 = 1.80143985094819840000e+16, /* 4350000000000000 */
twom54 = 5.55111512312578270212e-17; /* 3C90000000000000 */
ex2_u.dd[1] *= two54;
ex2_u.ieee.exponent2 += n_i >> unsafe;
ex2_u.dd[1] *= twom54;
}
/* Compute scale = 2^n_1. */
scale_u.d = 1.0L;
scale_u.ieee.exponent += n_i - (n_i >> unsafe);
/* Approximate e^x2 - 1, using a seventh-degree polynomial,
with maximum error in [-2^-16-2^-53,2^-16+2^-53]
less than 4.8e-39. */
x22 = x + x*x*(P1+x*(P2+x*(P3+x*(P4+x*(P5+x*P6)))));
/* Return result. */
fesetenv (&oldenv);
result = x22 * ex2_u.d + ex2_u.d;
/* Now we can test whether the result is ultimate or if we are unsure.
In the later case we should probably call a mpn based routine to give
the ultimate result.
Empirically, this routine is already ultimate in about 99.9986% of
cases, the test below for the round to nearest case will be false
in ~ 99.9963% of cases.
Without proc2 routine maximum error which has been seen is
0.5000262 ulp.
union ieee854_long_double ex3_u;
#ifdef FE_TONEAREST
fesetround (FE_TONEAREST);
#endif
ex3_u.d = (result - ex2_u.d) - x22 * ex2_u.d;
ex2_u.d = result;
ex3_u.ieee.exponent += LDBL_MANT_DIG + 15 + IEEE854_LONG_DOUBLE_BIAS
- ex2_u.ieee.exponent;
n_i = abs (ex3_u.d);
n_i = (n_i + 1) / 2;
fesetenv (&oldenv);
#ifdef FE_TONEAREST
if (fegetround () == FE_TONEAREST)
n_i -= 0x4000;
#endif
if (!n_i) {
return __ieee754_expl_proc2 (origx);
}
*/
if (!unsafe)
return result;
else
return result * scale_u.d;
}
/* Exceptional cases: */
else if (isless (x, himark))
{
if (__isinfl (x))
/* e^-inf == 0, with no error. */
return 0;
else
/* Underflow */
return TINY * TINY;
}
else
/* Return x, if x is a NaN or Inf; or overflow, otherwise. */
return TWO1023*x;
}
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