about summary refs log tree commit diff
path: root/manual/time.texi
blob: ff393a2c61d1fd02d6f0ca0c2c014cc612445216 (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
@node Date and Time, Non-Local Exits, Arithmetic, Top
@c %MENU% Functions for getting the date and time and formatting them nicely
@chapter Date and Time

This chapter describes functions for manipulating dates and times,
including functions for determining what the current time is and
conversion between different time representations.

The time functions fall into three main categories:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Functions for measuring elapsed CPU time are discussed in @ref{Processor
Time}.

@item
Functions for measuring absolute clock or calendar time are discussed in
@ref{Calendar Time}.

@item
Functions for setting alarms and timers are discussed in @ref{Setting
an Alarm}.
@end itemize

@menu
* Processor Time::              Measures processor time used by a program.
* Calendar Time::               Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times.
* Precision Time::              Manipulation and monitoring of high accuracy
                                  time.
* Setting an Alarm::            Sending a signal after a specified time.
* Sleeping::                    Waiting for a period of time.
* Resource Usage::		Measuring various resources used.
* Limits on Resources::		Specifying limits on resource usage.
* Priority::			Reading or setting process run priority.
@end menu

@node Processor Time
@section Processor Time

If you're trying to optimize your program or measure its efficiency, it's
very useful to be able to know how much @dfn{processor time} or @dfn{CPU
time} it has used at any given point.  Processor time is different from
actual wall clock time because it doesn't include any time spent waiting
for I/O or when some other process is running.  Processor time is
represented by the data type @code{clock_t}, and is given as a number of
@dfn{clock ticks} relative to an arbitrary base time marking the beginning
of a single program invocation.
@cindex CPU time
@cindex processor time
@cindex clock ticks
@cindex ticks, clock
@cindex time, elapsed CPU

@menu
* Basic CPU Time::              The @code{clock} function.
* Detailed CPU Time::           The @code{times} function.
@end menu

@node Basic CPU Time
@subsection Basic CPU Time Inquiry

To get the elapsed CPU time used by a process, you can use the
@code{clock} function.  This facility is declared in the header file
@file{time.h}.
@pindex time.h

In typical usage, you call the @code{clock} function at the beginning and
end of the interval you want to time, subtract the values, and then divide
by @code{CLOCKS_PER_SEC} (the number of clock ticks per second), like this:

@smallexample
@group
#include <time.h>

clock_t start, end;
double elapsed;

start = clock();
@dots{} /* @r{Do the work.} */
end = clock();
elapsed = ((double) (end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
@end group
@end smallexample

Different computers and operating systems vary wildly in how they keep
track of processor time.  It's common for the internal processor clock
to have a resolution somewhere between hundredth and millionth of a
second.

In the GNU system, @code{clock_t} is equivalent to @code{long int} and
@code{CLOCKS_PER_SEC} is an integer value.  But in other systems, both
@code{clock_t} and the type of the macro @code{CLOCKS_PER_SEC} can be
either integer or floating-point types.  Casting processor time values
to @code{double}, as in the example above, makes sure that operations
such as arithmetic and printing work properly and consistently no matter
what the underlying representation is.

Note that the clock can wrap around.  On a 32bit system with
@code{CLOCKS_PER_SEC} set to one million this function will return the
same value approximately every 72 minutes.

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypevr Macro int CLOCKS_PER_SEC
The value of this macro is the number of clock ticks per second measured
by the @code{clock} function.  POSIX requires that this value is one
million independent of the actual resolution.
@end deftypevr

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int CLK_TCK
This is an obsolete name for @code{CLOCKS_PER_SEC}.
@end deftypevr

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftp {Data Type} clock_t
This is the type of the value returned by the @code{clock} function.
Values of type @code{clock_t} are in units of clock ticks.
@end deftp

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun clock_t clock (void)
This function returns the elapsed processor time.  The base time is
arbitrary but doesn't change within a single process.  If the processor
time is not available or cannot be represented, @code{clock} returns the
value @code{(clock_t)(-1)}.
@end deftypefun


@node Detailed CPU Time
@subsection Detailed Elapsed CPU Time Inquiry

The @code{times} function returns more detailed information about
elapsed processor time in a @w{@code{struct tms}} object.  You should
include the header file @file{sys/times.h} to use this facility.
@pindex sys/times.h

@comment sys/times.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftp {Data Type} {struct tms}
The @code{tms} structure is used to return information about process
times.  It contains at least the following members:

@table @code
@item clock_t tms_utime
This is the CPU time used in executing the instructions of the calling
process.

@item clock_t tms_stime
This is the CPU time used by the system on behalf of the calling process.

@item clock_t tms_cutime
This is the sum of the @code{tms_utime} values and the @code{tms_cutime}
values of all terminated child processes of the calling process, whose
status has been reported to the parent process by @code{wait} or
@code{waitpid}; see @ref{Process Completion}.  In other words, it
represents the total CPU time used in executing the instructions of all
the terminated child processes of the calling process, excluding child
processes which have not yet been reported by @code{wait} or
@code{waitpid}.

@item clock_t tms_cstime
This is similar to @code{tms_cutime}, but represents the total CPU time
used by the system on behalf of all the terminated child processes of the
calling process.
@end table

All of the times are given in clock ticks.  These are absolute values; in a
newly created process, they are all zero.  @xref{Creating a Process}.
@end deftp

@comment sys/times.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun clock_t times (struct tms *@var{buffer})
The @code{times} function stores the processor time information for
the calling process in @var{buffer}.

The return value is the same as the value of @code{clock()}: the elapsed
real time relative to an arbitrary base.  The base is a constant within a
particular process, and typically represents the time since system
start-up.  A value of @code{(clock_t)(-1)} is returned to indicate failure.
@end deftypefun

@strong{Portability Note:} The @code{clock} function described in
@ref{Basic CPU Time}, is specified by the @w{ISO C} standard.  The
@code{times} function is a feature of POSIX.1.  In the GNU system, the
value returned by the @code{clock} function is equivalent to the sum of
the @code{tms_utime} and @code{tms_stime} fields returned by
@code{times}.

@node Calendar Time
@section Calendar Time

This section describes facilities for keeping track of dates and times
according to the Gregorian calendar.
@cindex Gregorian calendar
@cindex time, calendar
@cindex date and time

There are three representations for date and time information:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@dfn{Calendar time} (the @code{time_t} data type) is a compact
representation, typically giving the number of seconds elapsed since
some implementation-specific base time.
@cindex calendar time

@item
There is also a @dfn{high-resolution time} representation (the @code{struct
timeval} data type) that includes fractions of a second.  Use this time
representation instead of ordinary calendar time when you need greater
precision.
@cindex high-resolution time

@item
@dfn{Local time} or @dfn{broken-down time} (the @code{struct
tm} data type) represents the date and time as a set of components
specifying the year, month, and so on, for a specific time zone.
This time representation is usually used in conjunction with formatting
date and time values.
@cindex local time
@cindex broken-down time
@end itemize

@menu
* Simple Calendar Time::        Facilities for manipulating calendar time.
* High-Resolution Calendar::    A time representation with greater precision.
* Broken-down Time::            Facilities for manipulating local time.
* Formatting Date and Time::    Converting times to strings.
* Parsing Date and Time::       Convert textual time and date information back
                                 into broken-down time values.
* TZ Variable::                 How users specify the time zone.
* Time Zone Functions::         Functions to examine or specify the time zone.
* Time Functions Example::      An example program showing use of some of
				 the time functions.
@end menu

@node Simple Calendar Time
@subsection Simple Calendar Time

This section describes the @code{time_t} data type for representing
calendar time, and the functions which operate on calendar time objects.
These facilities are declared in the header file @file{time.h}.
@pindex time.h

@cindex epoch
@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftp {Data Type} time_t
This is the data type used to represent calendar time.
When interpreted as an absolute time
value, it represents the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on
January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time.  (This date is sometimes
referred to as the @dfn{epoch}.)  POSIX requires that this count
ignore leap seconds, but on some hosts this count includes leap seconds
if you set @code{TZ} to certain values (@pxref{TZ Variable}).

In the GNU C library, @code{time_t} is equivalent to @code{long int}.
In other systems, @code{time_t} might be either an integer or
floating-point type.
@end deftp

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun double difftime (time_t @var{time1}, time_t @var{time0})
The @code{difftime} function returns the number of seconds elapsed
between time @var{time1} and time @var{time0}, as a value of type
@code{double}.  The difference ignores leap seconds unless leap
second support is enabled.

In the GNU system, you can simply subtract @code{time_t} values.  But on
other systems, the @code{time_t} data type might use some other encoding
where subtraction doesn't work directly.
@end deftypefun

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun time_t time (time_t *@var{result})
The @code{time} function returns the current time as a value of type
@code{time_t}.  If the argument @var{result} is not a null pointer, the
time value is also stored in @code{*@var{result}}.  If the calendar
time is not available, the value @w{@code{(time_t)(-1)}} is returned.
@end deftypefun


@node High-Resolution Calendar
@subsection High-Resolution Calendar

The @code{time_t} data type used to represent calendar times has a
resolution of only one second.  Some applications need more precision.

So, the GNU C library also contains functions which are capable of
representing calendar times to a higher resolution than one second.  The
functions and the associated data types described in this section are
declared in @file{sys/time.h}.
@pindex sys/time.h

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct timeval}
The @code{struct timeval} structure represents a calendar time.  It
has the following members:

@table @code
@item long int tv_sec
This represents the number of seconds since the epoch.  It is equivalent
to a normal @code{time_t} value.

@item long int tv_usec
This is the fractional second value, represented as the number of
microseconds.

Some times struct timeval values are used for time intervals.  Then the
@code{tv_sec} member is the number of seconds in the interval, and
@code{tv_usec} is the number of additional microseconds.
@end table
@end deftp

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct timezone}
The @code{struct timezone} structure is used to hold minimal information
about the local time zone.  It has the following members:

@table @code
@item int tz_minuteswest
This is the number of minutes west of UTC.

@item int tz_dsttime
If nonzero, Daylight Saving Time applies during some part of the year.
@end table

The @code{struct timezone} type is obsolete and should never be used.
Instead, use the facilities described in @ref{Time Zone Functions}.
@end deftp

It is often necessary to subtract two values of type @w{@code{struct
timeval}}.  Here is the best way to do this.  It works even on some
peculiar operating systems where the @code{tv_sec} member has an
unsigned type.

@smallexample
/* @r{Subtract the `struct timeval' values X and Y,}
   @r{storing the result in RESULT.}
   @r{Return 1 if the difference is negative, otherwise 0.}  */

int
timeval_subtract (result, x, y)
     struct timeval *result, *x, *y;
@{
  /* @r{Perform the carry for the later subtraction by updating @var{y}.} */
  if (x->tv_usec < y->tv_usec) @{
    int nsec = (y->tv_usec - x->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1;
    y->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec;
    y->tv_sec += nsec;
  @}
  if (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec > 1000000) @{
    int nsec = (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec) / 1000000;
    y->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec;
    y->tv_sec -= nsec;
  @}

  /* @r{Compute the time remaining to wait.}
     @r{@code{tv_usec} is certainly positive.} */
  result->tv_sec = x->tv_sec - y->tv_sec;
  result->tv_usec = x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec;

  /* @r{Return 1 if result is negative.} */
  return x->tv_sec < y->tv_sec;
@}
@end smallexample

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int gettimeofday (struct timeval *@var{tp}, struct timezone *@var{tzp})
The @code{gettimeofday} function returns the current date and time in the
@code{struct timeval} structure indicated by @var{tp}.  Information about the
time zone is returned in the structure pointed at @var{tzp}.  If the @var{tzp}
argument is a null pointer, time zone information is ignored.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error condition is defined for this function:

@table @code
@item ENOSYS
The operating system does not support getting time zone information, and
@var{tzp} is not a null pointer.  The GNU operating system does not
support using @w{@code{struct timezone}} to represent time zone
information; that is an obsolete feature of 4.3 BSD.
Instead, use the facilities described in @ref{Time Zone Functions}.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int settimeofday (const struct timeval *@var{tp}, const struct timezone *@var{tzp})
The @code{settimeofday} function sets the current date and time
according to the arguments.  As for @code{gettimeofday}, time zone
information is ignored if @var{tzp} is a null pointer.

You must be a privileged user in order to use @code{settimeofday}.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EPERM
This process cannot set the time because it is not privileged.

@item ENOSYS
The operating system does not support setting time zone information, and
@var{tzp} is not a null pointer.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int adjtime (const struct timeval *@var{delta}, struct timeval *@var{olddelta})
This function speeds up or slows down the system clock in order to make
gradual adjustments in the current time.  This ensures that the time
reported by the system clock is always monotonically increasing, which
might not happen if you simply set the current time.

The @var{delta} argument specifies a relative adjustment to be made to
the current time.  If negative, the system clock is slowed down for a
while until it has lost this much time.  If positive, the system clock
is speeded up for a while.

If the @var{olddelta} argument is not a null pointer, the @code{adjtime}
function returns information about any previous time adjustment that
has not yet completed.

This function is typically used to synchronize the clocks of computers
in a local network.  You must be a privileged user to use it.
The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error condition is defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EPERM
You do not have privilege to set the time.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@strong{Portability Note:}  The @code{gettimeofday}, @code{settimeofday},
and @code{adjtime} functions are derived from BSD.


@node Broken-down Time
@subsection Broken-down Time
@cindex broken-down time
@cindex calendar time and broken-down time

Calendar time is represented as a number of seconds.  This is convenient
for calculation, but has no relation to the way people normally
represent dates and times.  By contrast, @dfn{broken-down time} is a binary
representation separated into year, month, day, and so on.  Broken-down
time values are not useful for calculations, but they are useful for
printing human readable time.

A broken-down time value is always relative to a choice of local time
zone, and it also indicates which time zone was used.

The symbols in this section are declared in the header file @file{time.h}.

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftp {Data Type} {struct tm}
This is the data type used to represent a broken-down time.  The structure
contains at least the following members, which can appear in any order:

@table @code
@item int tm_sec
This is the number of seconds after the minute, normally in the range
@code{0} through @code{59}.  (The actual upper limit is @code{60}, to allow
for leap seconds if leap second support is available.)
@cindex leap second

@item int tm_min
This is the number of minutes after the hour, in the range @code{0} through
@code{59}.

@item int tm_hour
This is the number of hours past midnight, in the range @code{0} through
@code{23}.

@item int tm_mday
This is the day of the month, in the range @code{1} through @code{31}.

@item int tm_mon
This is the number of months since January, in the range @code{0} through
@code{11}.

@item int tm_year
This is the number of years since @code{1900}.

@item int tm_wday
This is the number of days since Sunday, in the range @code{0} through
@code{6}.

@item int tm_yday
This is the number of days since January 1, in the range @code{0} through
@code{365}.

@item int tm_isdst
@cindex Daylight Saving Time
@cindex summer time
This is a flag that indicates whether Daylight Saving Time is (or was, or
will be) in effect at the time described.  The value is positive if
Daylight Saving Time is in effect, zero if it is not, and negative if the
information is not available.

@item long int tm_gmtoff
This field describes the time zone that was used to compute this
broken-down time value, including any adjustment for daylight saving; it
is the number of seconds that you must add to UTC to get local time.
You can also think of this as the number of seconds east of UTC.  For
example, for U.S. Eastern Standard Time, the value is @code{-5*60*60}.
The @code{tm_gmtoff} field is derived from BSD and is a GNU library
extension; it is not visible in a strict @w{ISO C} environment.

@item const char *tm_zone
This field is the name for the time zone that was used to compute this
broken-down time value.  Like @code{tm_gmtoff}, this field is a BSD and
GNU extension, and is not visible in a strict @w{ISO C} environment.
@end table
@end deftp

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun {struct tm *} localtime (const time_t *@var{time})
The @code{localtime} function converts the calendar time pointed to by
@var{time} to broken-down time representation, expressed relative to the
user's specified time zone.

The return value is a pointer to a static broken-down time structure, which
might be overwritten by subsequent calls to @code{ctime}, @code{gmtime},
or @code{localtime}.  (But no other library function overwrites the contents
of this object.)

The return value is the null pointer if @var{time} cannot be represented
as a broken-down time; typically this is because the year cannot fit into
an @code{int}.

Calling @code{localtime} has one other effect: it sets the variable
@code{tzname} with information about the current time zone.  @xref{Time
Zone Functions}.
@end deftypefun

Using the @code{localtime} function is a big problem in multi-threaded
programs.  The result is returned in a static buffer and this is used in
all threads.  POSIX.1c introduced a variant of this function.

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1c
@deftypefun {struct tm *} localtime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, struct tm *@var{resultp})
The @code{localtime_r} function works just like the @code{localtime}
function.  It takes a pointer to a variable containing the calendar time
and converts it to the broken-down time format.

But the result is not placed in a static buffer.  Instead it is placed
in the object of type @code{struct tm} to which the parameter
@var{resultp} points.

If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to the
object the result was written into, i.e., it returns @var{resultp}.
@end deftypefun


@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun {struct tm *} gmtime (const time_t *@var{time})
This function is similar to @code{localtime}, except that the broken-down
time is expressed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)---that is, as
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)---rather than relative to the local time zone.

Recall that calendar times are @emph{always} expressed in coordinated
universal time.
@end deftypefun

As for the @code{localtime} function we have the problem that the result
is placed in a static variable.  POSIX.1c also provides a replacement for
@code{gmtime}.

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1c
@deftypefun {struct tm *} gmtime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, struct tm *@var{resultp})
This function is similar to @code{localtime_r}, except that it converts
just like @code{gmtime} the given time as Coordinated Universal Time.

If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to the
object the result was written into, i.e., it returns @var{resultp}.
@end deftypefun


@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun time_t mktime (struct tm *@var{brokentime})
The @code{mktime} function is used to convert a broken-down time structure
to a calendar time representation.  It also ``normalizes'' the contents of
the broken-down time structure, by filling in the day of week and day of
year based on the other date and time components.

The @code{mktime} function ignores the specified contents of the
@code{tm_wday} and @code{tm_yday} members of the broken-down time
structure.  It uses the values of the other components to compute the
calendar time; it's permissible for these components to have
unnormalized values outside their normal ranges.  The last thing that
@code{mktime} does is adjust the components of the @var{brokentime}
structure (including the @code{tm_wday} and @code{tm_yday}).

If the specified broken-down time cannot be represented as a calendar time,
@code{mktime} returns a value of @code{(time_t)(-1)} and does not modify
the contents of @var{brokentime}.

Calling @code{mktime} also sets the variable @code{tzname} with
information about the current time zone.  @xref{Time Zone Functions}.
@end deftypefun

@node Formatting Date and Time
@subsection Formatting Date and Time

The functions described in this section format time values as strings.
These functions are declared in the header file @file{time.h}.
@pindex time.h

@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun {char *} asctime (const struct tm *@var{brokentime})
The @code{asctime} function converts the broken-down time value that
@var{brokentime} points to into a string in a standard format:

@smallexample
"Tue May 21 13:46:22 1991\n"
@end smallexample

The abbreviations for the days of week are: @samp{Sun}, @samp{Mon},
@samp{Tue}, @samp{Wed}, @samp{Thu}, @samp{Fri}, and @samp{Sat}.

The abbreviations for the months are: @samp{Jan}, @samp{Feb},
@samp{Mar}, @samp{Apr}, @samp{May}, @samp{Jun}, @samp{Jul}, @samp{Aug},
@samp{Sep}, @samp{Oct}, @samp{Nov}, and @samp{Dec}.

The return value points to a statically allocated string, which might be
overwritten by subsequent calls to @code{asctime} or @code{ctime}.
(But no other library function overwrites the contents of this
string.)
@end deftypefun

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1c
@deftypefun {char *} asctime_r (const struct tm *@var{brokentime}, char *@var{buffer})
This function is similar to @code{asctime} but instead of placing the
result in a static buffer it writes the string in the buffer pointed to
by the parameter @var{buffer}.  This buffer should have room
for at least 26 bytes, including the terminating null.

If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the
result was written into, i.e., it returns @var{buffer}.  Otherwise
return @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun


@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun {char *} ctime (const time_t *@var{time})
The @code{ctime} function is similar to @code{asctime}, except that the
time value is specified as a @code{time_t} calendar time value rather
than in broken-down local time format.  It is equivalent to

@smallexample
asctime (localtime (@var{time}))
@end smallexample

@code{ctime} sets the variable @code{tzname}, because @code{localtime}
does so.  @xref{Time Zone Functions}.
@end deftypefun

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1c
@deftypefun {char *} ctime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, char *@var{buffer})
This function is similar to @code{ctime}, only that it places the result
in the string pointed to by @var{buffer}.  It is equivalent to (written
using gcc extensions, @pxref{Statement Exprs,,,gcc,Porting and Using gcc}):

@smallexample
(@{ struct tm tm; asctime_r (localtime_r (time, &tm), buf); @})
@end smallexample

If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the
result was written into, i.e., it returns @var{buffer}.  Otherwise
return @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun


@comment time.h
@comment ISO
@deftypefun size_t strftime (char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const char *@var{template}, const struct tm *@var{brokentime})
This function is similar to the @code{sprintf} function (@pxref{Formatted
Input}), but the conversion specifications that can appear in the format
template @var{template} are specialized for printing components of the date
and time @var{brokentime} according to the locale currently specified for
time conversion (@pxref{Locales}).

Ordinary characters appearing in the @var{template} are copied to the
output string @var{s}; this can include multibyte character sequences.
Conversion specifiers are introduced by a @samp{%} character, followed
by an optional flag which can be one of the following.  These flags
are all GNU extensions. The first three affect only the output of
numbers:

@table @code
@item _
The number is padded with spaces.

@item -
The number is not padded at all.

@item 0
The number is padded with zeros even if the format specifies padding
with spaces.

@item ^
The output uses uppercase characters, but only if this is possible
(@pxref{Case Conversion}).
@end table

The default action is to pad the number with zeros to keep it a constant
width.  Numbers that do not have a range indicated below are never
padded, since there is no natural width for them.

Following the flag an optional specification of the width is possible.
This is specified in decimal notation.  If the natural size of the
output is of the field has less than the specified number of characters,
the result is written right adjusted and space padded to the given
size.

An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width
specification.  The modifiers, which are POSIX.2 extensions, are:

@table @code
@item E
Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time.  This
modifier applies to the @code{%c}, @code{%C}, @code{%x}, @code{%X},
@code{%y} and @code{%Y} format specifiers.  In a Japanese locale, for
example, @code{%Ex} might yield a date format based on the Japanese
Emperors' reigns.

@item O
Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers.  This modifier
applies only to numeric format specifiers.
@end table

If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation
is available, it is ignored.

The conversion specifier ends with a format specifier taken from the
following list.  The whole @samp{%} sequence is replaced in the output
string as follows:

@table @code
@item %a
The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale.

@item %A
The full weekday name according to the current locale.

@item %b
The abbreviated month name according to the current locale.

@item %B
The full month name according to the current locale.

@item %c
The preferred date and time representation for the current locale.

@item %C
The century of the year.  This is equivalent to the greatest integer not
greater than the year divided by 100.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %d
The day of the month as a decimal number (range @code{01} through @code{31}).

@item %D
The date using the format @code{%m/%d/%y}.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %e
The day of the month like with @code{%d}, but padded with blank (range
@code{ 1} through @code{31}).

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %F
The date using the format @code{%Y-%m-%d}.  This is the form specified
in the @w{ISO 8601} standard and is the preferred form for all uses.

This format is a @w{ISO C99} extension.

@item %g
The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century
(range @code{00} through @code{99}).  This has the same format and value
as @code{%y}, except that if the ISO week number (see @code{%V}) belongs
to the previous or next year, that year is used instead.

This format was introduced in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %G
The year corresponding to the ISO week number.  This has the same format
and value as @code{%Y}, except that if the ISO week number (see
@code{%V}) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used
instead.

This format was introduced in @w{ISO C99} but was previously available
as a GNU extension.

@item %h
The abbreviated month name according to the current locale.  The action
is the same as for @code{%b}.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %H
The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range @code{00} through
@code{23}).

@item %I
The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range @code{01} through
@code{12}).

@item %j
The day of the year as a decimal number (range @code{001} through @code{366}).

@item %k
The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock like @code{%H}, but
padded with blank (range @code{ 0} through @code{23}).

This format is a GNU extension.

@item %l
The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock like @code{%I}, but
padded with blank (range @code{ 1} through @code{12}).

This format is a GNU extension.

@item %m
The month as a decimal number (range @code{01} through @code{12}).

@item %M
The minute as a decimal number (range @code{00} through @code{59}).

@item %n
A single @samp{\n} (newline) character.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %p
Either @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}, according to the given time value; or the
corresponding strings for the current locale.  Noon is treated as
@samp{PM} and midnight as @samp{AM}.

@ignore
We currently have a problem with makeinfo.  Write @samp{AM} and @samp{am}
both results in `am'.  I.e., the difference in case is not visible anymore.
@end ignore
@item %P
Either @samp{am} or @samp{pm}, according to the given time value; or the
corresponding strings for the current locale, printed in lowercase
characters.  Noon is treated as @samp{pm} and midnight as @samp{am}.

This format was introduced in @w{ISO C99} but was previously available
as a GNU extension.

@item %r
The complete time using the AM/PM format of the current locale.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %R
The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format @code{%H:%M}.

This format was introduced in @w{ISO C99} but was previously available
as a GNU extension.

@item %s
The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available.

This format is a GNU extension.

@item %S
The seconds as a decimal number (range @code{00} through @code{60}).

@item %t
A single @samp{\t} (tabulator) character.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %T
The time using decimal numbers using the format @code{%H:%M:%S}.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension.

@item %u
The day of the week as a decimal number (range @code{1} through
@code{7}), Monday being @code{1}.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %U
The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range @code{00}
through @code{53}), starting with the first Sunday as the first day of
the first week.  Days preceding the first Sunday in the year are
considered to be in week @code{00}.

@item %V
The @w{ISO 8601:1988} week number as a decimal number (range @code{01}
through @code{53}).  ISO weeks start with Monday and end with Sunday.
Week @code{01} of a year is the first week which has the majority of its
days in that year; this is equivalent to the week containing the year's
first Thursday, and it is also equivalent to the week containing January
4.  Week @code{01} of a year can contain days from the previous year.
The week before week @code{01} of a year is the last week (@code{52} or
@code{53}) of the previous year even if it contains days from the new
year.

This format is a POSIX.2 extension and also appears in @w{ISO C99}.

@item %w
The day of the week as a decimal number (range @code{0} through
@code{6}), Sunday being @code{0}.

@item %W
The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range @code{00}
through @code{53}), starting with the first Monday as the first day of
the first week.  All days preceding the first Monday in the year are
considered to be in week @code{00}.

@item %x
The preferred date representation for the current locale, but without the
time.

@item %X
The preferred time representation for the current locale, but with no date.

@item %y
The year without a century as a decimal number (range @code{00} through
@code{99}).  This is equivalent to the year modulo 100.

@item %Y
The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar.  Years
before the year @code{1} are numbered @code{0}, @code{-1}, and so on.

@item %z
@w{RFC 822}/@w{ISO 8601:1988} style numeric time zone (e.g.,
@code{-0600} or @code{+0100}), or nothing if no time zone is
determinable.

This format was introduced in @w{ISO C99} but was previously available
as a GNU extension.

A full @w{RFC 822} timestamp is generated by the format
@w{@samp{"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"}} (or the equivalent
@w{@samp{"%a, %d %b %Y %T %z"}}).

@item %Z
The time zone abbreviation (empty if the time zone can't be determined).

@item %%
A literal @samp{%} character.
@end table

The @var{size} parameter can be used to specify the maximum number of
characters to be stored in the array @var{s}, including the terminating
null character.  If the formatted time requires more than @var{size}
characters, @code{strftime} returns zero and the contents of the array
@var{s} are undefined.  Otherwise the return value indicates the
number of characters placed in the array @var{s}, not including the
terminating null character.

@emph{Warning:} This convention for the return value which is prescribed
in @w{ISO C} can lead to problems in some situations.  For certain
format strings and certain locales the output really can be the empty
string and this cannot be discovered by testing the return value only.
E.g., in most locales the AM/PM time format is not supported (most of
the world uses the 24 hour time representation).  In such locales
@code{"%p"} will return the empty string, i.e., the return value is
zero.  To detect situations like this something similar to the following
code should be used:

@smallexample
buf[0] = '\1';
len = strftime (buf, bufsize, format, tp);
if (len == 0 && buf[0] != '\0')
  @{
    /* Something went wrong in the strftime call.  */
    @dots{}
  @}
@end smallexample

If @var{s} is a null pointer, @code{strftime} does not actually write
anything, but instead returns the number of characters it would have written.

According to POSIX.1 every call to @code{strftime} implies a call to
@code{tzset}.  So the contents of the environment variable @code{TZ}
is examined before any output is produced.

For an example of @code{strftime}, see @ref{Time Functions Example}.
@end deftypefun

@comment time.h
@comment ISO/Amend1
@deftypefun size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, const struct tm *@var{brokentime})
The @code{wcsftime} function is equivalent to the @code{strftime}
function with the difference that it operates on wide character
strings.  The buffer where the result is stored, pointed to by @var{s},
must be an array of wide characters.  The parameter @var{size} which
specifies the size of the output buffer gives the number of wide
character, not the number of bytes.

Also the format string @var{template} is a wide character string.  Since
all characters needed to specify the format string are in the basic
character set it is portably possible to write format strings in the C
source code using the @code{L"..."} notation.  The parameter
@var{brokentime} has the same meaning as in the @code{strftime} call.

The @code{wcsftime} function supports the same flags, modifiers, and
format specifiers as the @code{strftime} function.

The return value of @code{wcsftime} is the number of wide characters
stored in @code{s}.  When more characters would have to be written than
can be placed in the buffer @var{s} the return value is zero, with the
same problems indicated in the @code{strftime} documentation.
@end deftypefun

@node Parsing Date and Time
@subsection Convert textual time and date information back

The @w{ISO C} standard does not specify any functions which can convert
the output of the @code{strftime} function back into a binary format.
This led to a variety of more-or-less successful implementations with
different interfaces over the years.  Then the Unix standard was
extended by the addition of two functions: @code{strptime} and
@code{getdate}.  Both have strange interfaces but at least they are
widely available.

@menu
* Low-Level Time String Parsing::  Interpret string according to given format.
* General Time String Parsing::    User-friendly function to parse data and
                                    time strings.
@end menu

@node Low-Level Time String Parsing
@subsubsection Interpret string according to given format

he first function is rather low-level.  It is nevertheless frequently
used in software since it is better known.  Its interface and
implementation are heavily influenced by the @code{getdate} function,
which is defined and implemented in terms of calls to @code{strptime}.

@comment time.h
@comment XPG4
@deftypefun {char *} strptime (const char *@var{s}, const char *@var{fmt}, struct tm *@var{tp})
The @code{strptime} function parses the input string @var{s} according
to the format string @var{fmt} and stores its results in the
structure @var{tp}.

The input string could be generated by a @code{strftime} call or
obtained any other way.  It does not need to be in a human-recognizable
format; e.g. a date passed as @code{"02:1999:9"} is acceptable, even
though it is ambiguous without context.  As long as the format string
@var{fmt} matches the input string the function will succeed.

The format string consists of the same components as the format string
of the @code{strftime} function.  The only difference is that the flags
@code{_}, @code{-}, @code{0}, and @code{^} are not allowed.
@comment Is this really the intention?  --drepper
Several of the distinct formats of @code{strftime} do the same work in
@code{strptime} since differences like case of the input do not matter.
For reasons of symmetry all formats are supported, though.

The modifiers @code{E} and @code{O} are also allowed everywhere the
@code{strftime} function allows them.

The formats are:

@table @code
@item %a
@itemx %A
The weekday name according to the current locale, in abbreviated form or
the full name.

@item %b
@itemx %B
@itemx %h
The month name according to the current locale, in abbreviated form or
the full name.

@item %c
The date and time representation for the current locale.

@item %Ec
Like @code{%c} but the locale's alternative date and time format is used.

@item %C
The century of the year.

It makes sense to use this format only if the format string also
contains the @code{%y} format.

@item %EC
The locale's representation of the period.

Unlike @code{%C} it sometimes makes sense to use this format since some
cultures represent years relative to the beginning of eras instead of
using the Gregorian years.

@item %d
@item %e
The day of the month as a decimal number (range @code{1} through @code{31}).
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %Od
@itemx %Oe
Same as @code{%d} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %D
Equivalent to @code{%m/%d/%y}.

@item %F
Equivalent to @code{%Y-%m-%d}, which is the @w{ISO 8601} date
format.

This is a GNU extension following an @w{ISO C99} extension to
@code{strftime}.

@item %g
The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century
(range @code{00} through @code{99}).

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of @code{strftime}.

@item %G
The year corresponding to the ISO week number.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of @code{strftime}.

@item %H
@itemx %k
The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range @code{00} through
@code{23}).

@code{%k} is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of @code{strftime}.

@item %OH
Same as @code{%H} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %I
@itemx %l
The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range @code{01} through
@code{12}).

@code{%l} is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of @code{strftime}.

@item %OI
Same as @code{%I} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %j
The day of the year as a decimal number (range @code{1} through @code{366}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %m
The month as a decimal number (range @code{1} through @code{12}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %Om
Same as @code{%m} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %M
The minute as a decimal number (range @code{0} through @code{59}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %OM
Same as @code{%M} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %n
@itemx %t
Matches any white space.

@item %p
@item %P
The locale-dependent equivalent to @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}.

This format is not useful unless @code{%I} or @code{%l} is also used.
Another complication is that the locale might not define these values at
all and therefore the conversion fails.

@code{%P} is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to @code{strftime}.

@item %r
The complete time using the AM/PM format of the current locale.

A complication is that the locale might not define this format at all
and therefore the conversion fails.

@item %R
The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format @code{%H:%M}.

@code{%R} is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to @code{strftime}.

@item %s
The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available.

@code{%s} is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to @code{strftime}.

@item %S
The seconds as a decimal number (range @code{0} through @code{61}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

Note the nonsense with @code{61}, as given in the Unix specification.
This is a result of a decision to allow double leap seconds.  These do
not in fact exist but the myth persists.

@item %OS
Same as @code{%S} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %T
Equivalent to the use of @code{%H:%M:%S} in this place.

@item %u
The day of the week as a decimal number (range @code{1} through
@code{7}), Monday being @code{1}.

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

@item %U
The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range @code{0}
through @code{53}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@item %OU
Same as @code{%U} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %V
The @w{ISO 8601:1988} week number as a decimal number (range @code{1}
through @code{53}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

@item %w
The day of the week as a decimal number (range @code{0} through
@code{6}), Sunday being @code{0}.

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

@item %Ow
Same as @code{%w} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %W
The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range @code{0}
through @code{53}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

@item %OW
Same as @code{%W} but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.

@item %x
The date using the locale's date format.

@item %Ex
Like @code{%x} but the locale's alternative data representation is used.

@item %X
The time using the locale's time format.

@item %EX
Like @code{%X} but the locale's alternative time representation is used.

@item %y
The year without a century as a decimal number (range @code{0} through
@code{99}).

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.

Note that it is questionable to use this format without
the @code{%C} format.  The @code{strptime} function does regard input
values in the range @math{68} to @math{99} as the years @math{1969} to
@math{1999} and the values @math{0} to @math{68} as the years
@math{2000} to @math{2068}.  But maybe this heuristic fails for some
input data.

Therefore it is best to avoid @code{%y} completely and use @code{%Y}
instead.

@item %Ey
The offset from @code{%EC} in the locale's alternative representation.

@item %Oy
The offset of the year (from @code{%C}) using the locale's alternative
numeric symbols.

@item %Y
The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar.

@item %EY
The full alternative year representation.

@item %z
Equivalent to the use of @code{%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z} in this place.
This is the full @w{ISO 8601} date and time format.

@item %Z
The timezone name.

@emph{Note:} Currently, this is not fully implemented.  The format is
recognized, input is consumed but no field in @var{tm} is set.

@item %%
A literal @samp{%} character.
@end table

All other characters in the format string must have a matching character
in the input string.  Exceptions are white spaces in the input string
which can match zero or more white space characters in the format string.

The @code{strptime} function processes the input string from right to
left.  Each of the three possible input elements (white space, literal,
or format) are handled one after the other.  If the input cannot be
matched to the format string the function stops.  The remainder of the
format and input strings are not processed.

The function returns a pointer to the first character it was unable to
process.  If the input string contains more characters than required by
the format string the return value points right after the last consumed
input character.  If the whole input string is consumed the return value
points to the @code{NULL} byte at the end of the string.  If an error
occurs, i.e. @code{strptime} fails to match all of the format string,
the function returns @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun

The specification of the function in the XPG standard is rather vague,
leaving out a few important pieces of information.  Most importantly, it
does not specify what happens to those elements of @var{tm} which are
not directly initialized by the different formats.  The
implementations on different Unix systems vary here.

The GNU libc implementation does not touch those fields which are not
directly initialized.  Exceptions are the @code{tm_wday} and
@code{tm_yday} elements, which are recomputed if any of the year, month,
or date elements changed.  This has two implications:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Before calling the @code{strptime} function for a new input string, you
should prepare the @var{tm} structure you pass.  Normally this will mean
initializing all values are to zero.  Alternatively, you can set all
fields to values like @code{INT_MAX}, allowing you to determine which
elements were set by the function call.  Zero does not work here since
it is a valid value for many of the fields.

Careful initialization is necessary if you want to find out whether a
certain field in @var{tm} was initialized by the function call.

@item
You can construct a @code{struct tm} value with several consecutive
@code{strptime} calls.  A useful application of this is e.g. the parsing
of two separate strings, one containing date information and the other
time information.  By parsing one after the other without clearing the
structure in-between, you can construct a complete broken-down time.
@end itemize

The following example shows a function which parses a string which is
contains the date information in either US style or @w{ISO 8601} form:

@smallexample
const char *
parse_date (const char *input, struct tm *tm)
@{
  const char *cp;

  /* @r{First clear the result structure.}  */
  memset (tm, '\0', sizeof (*tm));

  /* @r{Try the ISO format first.}  */
  cp = strptime (input, "%F", tm);
  if (cp == NULL)
    @{
      /* @r{Does not match.  Try the US form.}  */
      cp = strptime (input, "%D", tm);
    @}

  return cp;
@}
@end smallexample

@node General Time String Parsing
@subsubsection A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates

The Unix standard defines another function for parsing date strings.
The interface is weird, but if the function happens to suit your
application it is just fine.  It is problematic to use this function
in multi-threaded programs or libraries, since it returns a pointer to
a static variable, and uses a global variable and global state (an
environment variable).

@comment time.h
@comment Unix98
@defvar getdate_err
This variable of type @code{int} contains the error code of the last
unsuccessful call to @code{getdate}.  Defined values are:

@table @math
@item 1
The environment variable @code{DATEMSK} is not defined or null.
@item 2
The template file denoted by the @code{DATEMSK} environment variable
cannot be opened.
@item 3
Information about the template file cannot retrieved.
@item 4
The template file is not a regular file.
@item 5
An I/O error occurred while reading the template file.
@item 6
Not enough memory available to execute the function.
@item 7
The template file contains no matching template.
@item 8
The input date is invalid, but would match a template otherwise.  This
includes dates like February 31st, and dates which cannot be represented
in a @code{time_t} variable.
@end table
@end defvar

@comment time.h
@comment Unix98
@deftypefun {struct tm *} getdate (const char *@var{string})
The interface to @code{getdate} is the simplest possible for a function
to parse a string and return the value.  @var{string} is the input
string and the result is returned in a statically-allocated variable.

The details about how the string is processed are hidden from the user.
In fact, they can be outside the control of the program.  Which formats
are recognized is controlled by the file named by the environment
variable @code{DATEMSK}.  This file should contain
lines of valid format strings which could be passed to @code{strptime}.

The @code{getdate} function reads these format strings one after the
other and tries to match the input string.  The first line which
completely matches the input string is used.

Elements not initialized through the format string retain the values
present at the time of the @code{getdate} function call.

The formats recognized by @code{getdate} are the same as for
@code{strptime}.  See above for an explanation.  There are only a few
extensions to the @code{strptime} behavior:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If the @code{%Z} format is given the broken-down time is based on the
current time of the timezone matched, not of the current timezone of the
runtime environment.

@emph{Note}: This is not implemented (currently).  The problem is that
timezone names are not unique.  If a fixed timezone is assumed for a
given string (say @code{EST} meaning US East Coast time), then uses for
countries other than the USA will fail.  So far we have found no good
solution to this.

@item
If only the weekday is specified the selected day depends on the current
date.  If the current weekday is greater or equal to the @code{tm_wday}
value the current week's day is chosen, otherwise the day next week is chosen.

@item
A similar heuristic is used when only the month is given and not the
year.  If the month is greater than or equal to the current month, then
the current year is used.  Otherwise it wraps to next year.  The first
day of the month is assumed if one is not explicitly specified.

@item
The current hour, minute, and second are used if the appropriate value is
not set through the format.

@item
If no date is given tomorrow's date is used if the time is
smaller than the current time.  Otherwise today's date is taken.
@end itemize

It should be noted that the format in the template file need not only
contain format elements.  The following is a list of possible format
strings (taken from the Unix standard):

@smallexample
%m
%A %B %d, %Y %H:%M:%S
%A
%B
%m/%d/%y %I %p
%d,%m,%Y %H:%M
at %A the %dst of %B in %Y
run job at %I %p,%B %dnd
%A den %d. %B %Y %H.%M Uhr
@end smallexample

As you can see, the template list can contain very specific strings like
@code{run job at %I %p,%B %dnd}.  Using the above list of templates and
assuming the current time is Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT 1986 we can obtain the
following results for the given input.

@multitable {xxxxxxxxxxxx} {xxxxxxxxxx} {xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx}
@item        Input @tab     Match @tab Result
@item        Mon @tab       %a @tab    Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT 1986
@item        Sun @tab       %a @tab    Sun Sep 28 12:19:47 EDT 1986
@item        Fri @tab       %a @tab    Fri Sep 26 12:19:47 EDT 1986
@item        September @tab %B @tab    Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986
@item        January @tab   %B @tab    Thu Jan 1 12:19:47 EST 1987
@item        December @tab  %B @tab    Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986
@item        Sep Mon @tab   %b %a @tab Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986
@item        Jan Fri @tab   %b %a @tab Fri Jan 2 12:19:47 EST 1987
@item        Dec Mon @tab   %b %a @tab Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986
@item        Jan Wed 1989 @tab  %b %a %Y @tab Wed Jan 4 12:19:47 EST 1989
@item        Fri 9 @tab     %a %H @tab Fri Sep 26 09:00:00 EDT 1986
@item        Feb 10:30 @tab %b %H:%S @tab Sun Feb 1 10:00:30 EST 1987
@item        10:30 @tab     %H:%M @tab Tue Sep 23 10:30:00 EDT 1986
@item        13:30 @tab     %H:%M @tab Mon Sep 22 13:30:00 EDT 1986
@end multitable

The return value of the function is a pointer to a static variable of
type @w{@code{struct tm}}, or a null pointer if an error occurred.  The
result is only valid until the next @code{getdate} call, making this
function unusable in multi-threaded applications.

The @code{errno} variable is @emph{not} changed.  Error conditions are
stored in the global variable @code{getdate_err}.  See the
description above for a list of the possible error values.

@emph{Warning:} The @code{getdate} function should @emph{never} be
used in SUID-programs.  The reason is obvious: using the
@code{DATEMSK} environment variable you can get the function to open
any arbitrary file and chances are high that with some bogus input
(such as a binary file) the program will crash.
@end deftypefun

@comment time.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun int getdate_r (const char *@var{string}, struct tm *@var{tp})
The @code{getdate_r} function is the reentrant counterpart of
@code{getdate}.  It does not use the global variable @code{getdate_err}
to signal an error, but instead returns an error code.  The same error
codes as described in the @code{getdate_err} documentation above are
used, with 0 meaning success.

Moreover, @code{getdate_r} stores the broken-down time in the variable
of type @code{struct tm} pointed to by the second argument, rather than
in a static variable.

This function is not defined in the Unix standard.  Nevertheless it is
available on some other Unix systems as well.

The warning against using @code{getdate} in SUID-programs applies to
@code{getdate_r} as well.
@end deftypefun

@node TZ Variable
@subsection Specifying the Time Zone with @code{TZ}

In POSIX systems, a user can specify the time zone by means of the
@code{TZ} environment variable.  For information about how to set
environment variables, see @ref{Environment Variables}.  The functions
for accessing the time zone are declared in @file{time.h}.
@pindex time.h
@cindex time zone

You should not normally need to set @code{TZ}.  If the system is
configured properly, the default time zone will be correct.  You might
set @code{TZ} if you are using a computer over a network from a
different time zone, and would like times reported to you in the time
zone local to you, rather than what is local to the computer.

In POSIX.1 systems the value of the @code{TZ} variable can be in one of
three formats.  With the GNU C library, the most common format is the
last one, which can specify a selection from a large database of time
zone information for many regions of the world.  The first two formats
are used to describe the time zone information directly, which is both
more cumbersome and less precise.  But the POSIX.1 standard only
specifies the details of the first two formats, so it is good to be
familiar with them in case you come across a POSIX.1 system that doesn't
support a time zone information database.

The first format is used when there is no Daylight Saving Time (or
summer time) in the local time zone:

@smallexample
@r{@var{std} @var{offset}}
@end smallexample

The @var{std} string specifies the name of the time zone.  It must be
three or more characters long and must not contain a leading colon,
embedded digits, commas, nor plus and minus signs.  There is no space
character separating the time zone name from the @var{offset}, so these
restrictions are necessary to parse the specification correctly.

The @var{offset} specifies the time value you must add to the local time
to get a Coordinated Universal Time value.  It has syntax like
[@code{+}|@code{-}]@var{hh}[@code{:}@var{mm}[@code{:}@var{ss}]].  This
is positive if the local time zone is west of the Prime Meridian and
negative if it is east.  The hour must be between @code{0} and
@code{23}, and the minute and seconds between @code{0} and @code{59}.

For example, here is how we would specify Eastern Standard Time, but
without any Daylight Saving Time alternative:

@smallexample
EST+5
@end smallexample

The second format is used when there is Daylight Saving Time:

@smallexample
@r{@var{std} @var{offset} @var{dst} [@var{offset}]@code{,}@var{start}[@code{/}@var{time}]@code{,}@var{end}[@code{/}@var{time}]}
@end smallexample

The initial @var{std} and @var{offset} specify the standard time zone, as
described above.  The @var{dst} string and @var{offset} specify the name
and offset for the corresponding Daylight Saving Time zone; if the
@var{offset} is omitted, it defaults to one hour ahead of standard time.

The remainder of the specification describes when Daylight Saving Time is
in effect.  The @var{start} field is when Daylight Saving Time goes into
effect and the @var{end} field is when the change is made back to standard
time.  The following formats are recognized for these fields:

@table @code
@item J@var{n}
This specifies the Julian day, with @var{n} between @code{1} and @code{365}.
February 29 is never counted, even in leap years.

@item @var{n}
This specifies the Julian day, with @var{n} between @code{0} and @code{365}.
February 29 is counted in leap years.

@item M@var{m}.@var{w}.@var{d}
This specifies day @var{d} of week @var{w} of month @var{m}.  The day
@var{d} must be between @code{0} (Sunday) and @code{6}.  The week
@var{w} must be between @code{1} and @code{5}; week @code{1} is the
first week in which day @var{d} occurs, and week @code{5} specifies the
@emph{last} @var{d} day in the month.  The month @var{m} should be
between @code{1} and @code{12}.
@end table

The @var{time} fields specify when, in the local time currently in
effect, the change to the other time occurs.  If omitted, the default is
@code{02:00:00}.

For example, here is how you would specify the Eastern time zone in the
United States, including the appropriate Daylight Saving Time and its dates
of applicability.  The normal offset from UTC is 5 hours; since this is
west of the prime meridian, the sign is positive.  Summer time begins on
the first Sunday in April at 2:00am, and ends on the last Sunday in October
at 2:00am.

@smallexample
EST+5EDT,M4.1.0/2,M10.5.0/2
@end smallexample

The schedule of Daylight Saving Time in any particular jurisdiction has
changed over the years.  To be strictly correct, the conversion of dates
and times in the past should be based on the schedule that was in effect
then.  However, this format has no facilities to let you specify how the
schedule has changed from year to year.  The most you can do is specify
one particular schedule---usually the present day schedule---and this is
used to convert any date, no matter when.  For precise time zone
specifications, it is best to use the time zone information database
(see below).

The third format looks like this:

@smallexample
:@var{characters}
@end smallexample

Each operating system interprets this format differently; in the GNU C
library, @var{characters} is the name of a file which describes the time
zone.

@pindex /etc/localtime
@pindex localtime
If the @code{TZ} environment variable does not have a value, the
operation chooses a time zone by default.  In the GNU C library, the
default time zone is like the specification @samp{TZ=:/etc/localtime}
(or @samp{TZ=:/usr/local/etc/localtime}, depending on how GNU C library
was configured; @pxref{Installation}).  Other C libraries use their own
rule for choosing the default time zone, so there is little we can say
about them.

@cindex time zone database
@pindex /share/lib/zoneinfo
@pindex zoneinfo
If @var{characters} begins with a slash, it is an absolute file name;
otherwise the library looks for the file
@w{@file{/share/lib/zoneinfo/@var{characters}}}.  The @file{zoneinfo}
directory contains data files describing local time zones in many
different parts of the world.  The names represent major cities, with
subdirectories for geographical areas; for example,
@file{America/New_York}, @file{Europe/London}, @file{Asia/Hong_Kong}.
These data files are installed by the system administrator, who also
sets @file{/etc/localtime} to point to the data file for the local time
zone.  The GNU C library comes with a large database of time zone
information for most regions of the world, which is maintained by a
community of volunteers and put in the public domain.

@node Time Zone Functions
@subsection Functions and Variables for Time Zones

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevar {char *} tzname [2]
The array @code{tzname} contains two strings, which are the standard
names of the pair of time zones (standard and Daylight
Saving) that the user has selected.  @code{tzname[0]} is the name of
the standard time zone (for example, @code{"EST"}), and @code{tzname[1]}
is the name for the time zone when Daylight Saving Time is in use (for
example, @code{"EDT"}).  These correspond to the @var{std} and @var{dst}
strings (respectively) from the @code{TZ} environment variable.  If
Daylight Saving Time is never used, @code{tzname[1]} is the empty string.

The @code{tzname} array is initialized from the @code{TZ} environment
variable whenever @code{tzset}, @code{ctime}, @code{strftime},
@code{mktime}, or @code{localtime} is called.  If multiple abbreviations
have been used (e.g. @code{"EWT"} and @code{"EDT"} for U.S. Eastern War
Time and Eastern Daylight Time), the array contains the most recent
abbreviation.

The @code{tzname} array is required for POSIX.1 compatibility, but in
GNU programs it is better to use the @code{tm_zone} member of the
broken-down time structure, since @code{tm_zone} reports the correct
abbreviation even when it is not the latest one.

Though the strings are declared as @code{char *} the user must refrain
from modifying these strings.  Modifying the strings will almost certainly
lead to trouble.

@end deftypevar

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun void tzset (void)
The @code{tzset} function initializes the @code{tzname} variable from
the value of the @code{TZ} environment variable.  It is not usually
necessary for your program to call this function, because it is called
automatically when you use the other time conversion functions that
depend on the time zone.
@end deftypefun

The following variables are defined for compatibility with System V
Unix.  Like @code{tzname}, these variables are set by calling
@code{tzset} or the other time conversion functions.

@comment time.h
@comment SVID
@deftypevar {long int} timezone
This contains the difference between UTC and the latest local standard
time, in seconds west of UTC.  For example, in the U.S. Eastern time
zone, the value is @code{5*60*60}.  Unlike the @code{tm_gmtoff} member
of the broken-down time structure, this value is not adjusted for
daylight saving, and its sign is reversed.  In GNU programs it is better
to use @code{tm_gmtoff}, since it contains the correct offset even when
it is not the latest one.
@end deftypevar

@comment time.h
@comment SVID
@deftypevar int daylight
This variable has a nonzero value if Daylight Saving Time rules apply.
A nonzero value does not necessarily mean that Daylight Saving Time is
now in effect; it means only that Daylight Saving Time is sometimes in
effect.
@end deftypevar

@node Time Functions Example
@subsection Time Functions Example

Here is an example program showing the use of some of the local time and
calendar time functions.

@smallexample
@include strftim.c.texi
@end smallexample

It produces output like this:

@smallexample
Wed Jul 31 13:02:36 1991
Today is Wednesday, July 31.
The time is 01:02 PM.
@end smallexample


@node Precision Time
@section Precision Time

@cindex time, high precision
@pindex sys/timex.h
The @code{net_gettime} and @code{ntp_adjtime} functions provide an
interface to monitor and manipulate high precision time.  These
functions are declared in @file{sys/timex.h}.

@tindex struct ntptimeval
@deftp {Data Type} {struct ntptimeval}
This structure is used to monitor kernel time.  It contains the
following members:
@table @code
@item struct timeval time
This is the current time.  The @code{struct timeval} data type is
described in @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}.

@item long int maxerror
This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds.  Unless updated
via @code{ntp_adjtime} periodically, this value will reach some
platform-specific maximum value.

@item long int esterror
This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds.  This value can
be set by @code{ntp_adjtime} to indicate the estimated offset of the
local clock against the true time.
@end table
@end deftp

@comment sys/timex,h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *@var{tptr})
The @code{ntp_gettime} function sets the structure pointed to by
@var{tptr} to current values.  The elements of the structure afterwards
contain the values the timer implementation in the kernel assumes.  They
might or might not be correct.  If they are not a @code{ntp_adjtime}
call is necessary.

The return value is @code{0} on success and other values on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item TIME_ERROR
The precision clock model is not properly set up at the moment, thus the
clock must be considered unsynchronized, and the values should be
treated with care.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@tindex struct timex
@deftp {Data Type} {struct timex}
This structure is used to control and monitor kernel time in a greater
level of detail.  It contains the following members:
@table @code
@item unsigned int modes
This variable controls whether and which values are set.  Several
symbolic constants have to be combined with @emph{binary or} to specify
the effective mode.  These constants start with @code{MOD_}.

@item long int offset
This value indicates the current offset of the local clock from the true
time.  The value is given in microseconds.  If bit @code{MOD_OFFSET} is
set in @code{modes}, the offset (and possibly other dependent values) can
be set.  The offset's absolute value must not exceed @code{MAXPHASE}.

@item long int frequency
This value indicates the difference in frequency between the true time
and the local clock.  The value is expressed as scaled PPM (parts per
million, 0.0001%).  The scaling is @code{1 << SHIFT_USEC}.  The value
can be set with bit @code{MOD_FREQUENCY}, but the absolute value must
not exceed @code{MAXFREQ}.

@item long int maxerror
This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds.  A new value can be
set using bit @code{MOD_MAXERROR}.  Unless updated via
@code{ntp_adjtime} periodically, this value will increase steadily
and reach some platform-specific maximum value.

@item long int esterror
This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds.  This value can
be set using bit @code{MOD_ESTERROR}.

@item int status
This variable reflects the various states of the clock machinery.  There
are symbolic constants for the significant bits, starting with
@code{STA_}.  Some of these flags can be updated using the
@code{MOD_STATUS} bit.

@item long int constant
This value represents the bandwidth or stiffness of the PLL (phase
locked loop) implemented in the kernel.  The value can be changed using
bit @code{MOD_TIMECONST}.

@item long int precision
This value represents the accuracy or the maximum error when reading the
system clock.  The value is expressed in microseconds and can't be changed.

@item long int tolerance
This value represents the maximum frequency error of the system clock in
scaled PPM.  This value is used to increase the @code{maxerror} every
second.

@item long int ppsfreq
This is the first of a few optional variables that are present only if
the system clock can use a PPS (pulse per second) signal to discipline
the local clock.  The value is expressed in scaled PPM and it denotes
the difference in frequency between the local clock and the PPS signal.

@item long int jitter
This value expresses a median filtered average of the PPS signal's
dispersion in microseconds.

@item int int shift
This value is a binary exponent for the duration of the PPS calibration
interval, ranging from @code{PPS_SHIFT} to @code{PPS_SHIFTMAX}.

@item long int stabil
This value represents the median filtered dispersion of the PPS
frequency in scaled PPM.

@item long int jitcnt
This counter represents the number of pulses where the jitter exceeded
the allowed maximum @code{MAXTIME}.

@item long int calcnt
This counter reflects the number of successful calibration intervals.

@item long int errcnt
This counter represents the number of calibration errors (caused by
large offsets or jitter).

@item long int stbcnt
This counter denotes the number of of calibrations where the stability
exceeded the threshold.
@end table
@end deftp

@comment sys/timex.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *@var{tptr})
The @code{ntp_adjtime} function sets the structure specified by
@var{tptr} to current values.  In addition, values passed in @var{tptr}
can be used to replace existing settings.  To do this the @code{modes}
element of the @code{struct timex} must be set appropriately.  Setting
it to zero selects reading the current state.

The return value is @code{0} on success and other values on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item TIME_ERROR
The precision clock model is not properly set up at the moment, thus the
clock must be considered unsynchronized, and the values should be
treated with care.  Another reason could be that the specified new values
are not allowed.
@end table

For more details see RFC1305 (Network Time Protocol, Version 3) and
related documents.
@end deftypefun


@node Setting an Alarm
@section Setting an Alarm

The @code{alarm} and @code{setitimer} functions provide a mechanism for a
process to interrupt itself at some future time.  They do this by setting a
timer; when the timer expires, the process receives a signal.

@cindex setting an alarm
@cindex interval timer, setting
@cindex alarms, setting
@cindex timers, setting
Each process has three independent interval timers available:

@itemize @bullet
@item
A real-time timer that counts clock time.  This timer sends a
@code{SIGALRM} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex real-time timer
@cindex timer, real-time

@item
A virtual timer that counts CPU time used by the process.  This timer
sends a @code{SIGVTALRM} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex virtual timer
@cindex timer, virtual

@item
A profiling timer that counts both CPU time used by the process, and CPU
time spent in system calls on behalf of the process.  This timer sends a
@code{SIGPROF} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex profiling timer
@cindex timer, profiling

This timer is useful for profiling in interpreters.  The interval timer
mechanism does not have the fine granularity necessary for profiling
native code.
@c @xref{profil} !!!
@end itemize

You can only have one timer of each kind set at any given time.  If you
set a timer that has not yet expired, that timer is simply reset to the
new value.

You should establish a handler for the appropriate alarm signal using
@code{signal} or @code{sigaction} before issuing a call to
@code{setitimer} or @code{alarm}.  Otherwise, an unusual chain of events
could cause the timer to expire before your program establishes the
handler.  In this case it would be terminated, since termination is the
default action for the alarm signals.  @xref{Signal Handling}.

The @code{setitimer} function is the primary means for setting an alarm.
This facility is declared in the header file @file{sys/time.h}.  The
@code{alarm} function, declared in @file{unistd.h}, provides a somewhat
simpler interface for setting the real-time timer.
@pindex unistd.h
@pindex sys/time.h

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct itimerval}
This structure is used to specify when a timer should expire.  It contains
the following members:
@table @code
@item struct timeval it_interval
This is the interval between successive timer interrupts.  If zero, the
alarm will only be sent once.

@item struct timeval it_value
This is the interval to the first timer interrupt.  If zero, the alarm is
disabled.
@end table

The @code{struct timeval} data type is described in @ref{High-Resolution
Calendar}.
@end deftp

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int setitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{new}, struct itimerval *@var{old})
The @code{setitimer} function sets the timer specified by @var{which}
according to @var{new}.  The @var{which} argument can have a value of
@code{ITIMER_REAL}, @code{ITIMER_VIRTUAL}, or @code{ITIMER_PROF}.

If @var{old} is not a null pointer, @code{setitimer} returns information
about any previous unexpired timer of the same kind in the structure it
points to.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EINVAL
The timer interval was too large.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{old})
The @code{getitimer} function stores information about the timer specified
by @var{which} in the structure pointed at by @var{old}.

The return value and error conditions are the same as for @code{setitimer}.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@table @code
@item ITIMER_REAL
@findex ITIMER_REAL
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the real-time
timer.

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@item ITIMER_VIRTUAL
@findex ITIMER_VIRTUAL
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the virtual
timer.

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@item ITIMER_PROF
@findex ITIMER_PROF
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the profiling
timer.
@end table

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun {unsigned int} alarm (unsigned int @var{seconds})
The @code{alarm} function sets the real-time timer to expire in
@var{seconds} seconds.  If you want to cancel any existing alarm, you
can do this by calling @code{alarm} with a @var{seconds} argument of
zero.

The return value indicates how many seconds remain before the previous
alarm would have been sent.  If there is no previous alarm, @code{alarm}
returns zero.
@end deftypefun

The @code{alarm} function could be defined in terms of @code{setitimer}
like this:

@smallexample
unsigned int
alarm (unsigned int seconds)
@{
  struct itimerval old, new;
  new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
  new.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
  new.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
  new.it_value.tv_sec = (long int) seconds;
  if (setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &new, &old) < 0)
    return 0;
  else
    return old.it_value.tv_sec;
@}
@end smallexample

There is an example showing the use of the @code{alarm} function in
@ref{Handler Returns}.

If you simply want your process to wait for a given number of seconds,
you should use the @code{sleep} function.  @xref{Sleeping}.

You shouldn't count on the signal arriving precisely when the timer
expires.  In a multiprocessing environment there is typically some
amount of delay involved.

@strong{Portability Note:} The @code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer}
functions are derived from BSD Unix, while the @code{alarm} function is
specified by the POSIX.1 standard.  @code{setitimer} is more powerful than
@code{alarm}, but @code{alarm} is more widely used.

@node Sleeping
@section Sleeping

The function @code{sleep} gives a simple way to make the program wait
for short periods of time.  If your program doesn't use signals (except
to terminate), then you can expect @code{sleep} to wait reliably for
the specified amount of time.  Otherwise, @code{sleep} can return sooner
if a signal arrives; if you want to wait for a given period regardless
of signals, use @code{select} (@pxref{Waiting for I/O}) and don't
specify any descriptors to wait for.
@c !!! select can get EINTR; using SA_RESTART makes sleep win too.

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun {unsigned int} sleep (unsigned int @var{seconds})
The @code{sleep} function waits for @var{seconds} or until a signal
is delivered, whichever happens first.

If @code{sleep} function returns because the requested time has
elapsed, it returns a value of zero.  If it returns because of delivery
of a signal, its return value is the remaining time in the sleep period.

The @code{sleep} function is declared in @file{unistd.h}.
@end deftypefun

Resist the temptation to implement a sleep for a fixed amount of time by
using the return value of @code{sleep}, when nonzero, to call
@code{sleep} again.  This will work with a certain amount of accuracy as
long as signals arrive infrequently.  But each signal can cause the
eventual wakeup time to be off by an additional second or so.  Suppose a
few signals happen to arrive in rapid succession by bad luck---there is
no limit on how much this could shorten or lengthen the wait.

Instead, compute the time at which the program should stop waiting, and
keep trying to wait until that time.  This won't be off by more than a
second.  With just a little more work, you can use @code{select} and
make the waiting period quite accurate.  (Of course, heavy system load
can cause additional unavoidable delays---unless the machine is
dedicated to one application, there is no way you can avoid this.)

On some systems, @code{sleep} can do strange things if your program uses
@code{SIGALRM} explicitly.  Even if @code{SIGALRM} signals are being
ignored or blocked when @code{sleep} is called, @code{sleep} might
return prematurely on delivery of a @code{SIGALRM} signal.  If you have
established a handler for @code{SIGALRM} signals and a @code{SIGALRM}
signal is delivered while the process is sleeping, the action taken
might be just to cause @code{sleep} to return instead of invoking your
handler.  And, if @code{sleep} is interrupted by delivery of a signal
whose handler requests an alarm or alters the handling of @code{SIGALRM},
this handler and @code{sleep} will interfere.

On the GNU system, it is safe to use @code{sleep} and @code{SIGALRM} in
the same program, because @code{sleep} does not work by means of
@code{SIGALRM}.

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int nanosleep (const struct timespec *@var{requested_time}, struct timespec *@var{remaining})
If resolution to seconds is not enough the @code{nanosleep} function
can be used.  As the name suggests the sleeping period can be specified
in nanoseconds.  The actual period of waiting time might be longer since
the requested time in the @var{requested_time} parameter is rounded up
to the next integer multiple of the actual resolution of the system.

If the function returns because the time has elapsed the return value is
zero.  If the function return @math{-1} the global variable @var{errno}
is set to the following values:

@table @code
@item EINTR
The call was interrupted because a signal was delivered to the thread.
If the @var{remaining} parameter is not the null pointer the structure
pointed to by @var{remaining} is updated to contain the remaining time.

@item EINVAL
The nanosecond value in the @var{requested_time} parameter contains an
illegal value.  Either the value is negative or greater than or equal to
1000 million.
@end table

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.  This
is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file
descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time @code{nanosleep} is
called.  If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated
until the program ends.  To avoid this calls to @code{nanosleep} should
be protected using cancellation handlers.
@c ref pthread_cleanup_push / pthread_cleanup_pop

The @code{nanosleep} function is declared in @file{time.h}.
@end deftypefun

@node Resource Usage
@section Resource Usage

@pindex sys/resource.h
The function @code{getrusage} and the data type @code{struct rusage} are
used to examine the resource usage of a process.  They are declared in
@file{sys/resource.h}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getrusage (int @var{processes}, struct rusage *@var{rusage})
This function reports resource usage totals for processes specified by
@var{processes}, storing the information in @code{*@var{rusage}}.

In most systems, @var{processes} has only two valid values:

@table @code
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RUSAGE_SELF
Just the current process.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RUSAGE_CHILDREN
All child processes (direct and indirect) that have already terminated.
@end table

In the GNU system, you can also inquire about a particular child process
by specifying its process ID.

The return value of @code{getrusage} is zero for success, and @code{-1}
for failure.

@table @code
@item EINVAL
The argument @var{processes} is not valid.
@end table
@end deftypefun

One way of getting resource usage for a particular child process is with
the function @code{wait4}, which returns totals for a child when it
terminates.  @xref{BSD Wait Functions}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct rusage}
This data type stores various resource usage statistics.  It has the
following members, and possibly others:

@table @code
@item struct timeval ru_utime
Time spent executing user instructions.

@item struct timeval ru_stime
Time spent in operating system code on behalf of @var{processes}.

@item long int ru_maxrss
The maximum resident set size used, in kilobytes.  That is, the maximum
number of kilobytes of physical memory that @var{processes} used
simultaneously.

@item long int ru_ixrss
An integral value expressed in kilobytes times ticks of execution, which
indicates the amount of memory used by text that was shared with other
processes.

@item long int ru_idrss
An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount of
unshared memory used for data.

@item long int ru_isrss
An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount of
unshared memory used for stack space.

@item long int ru_minflt
The number of page faults which were serviced without requiring any I/O.

@item long int ru_majflt
The number of page faults which were serviced by doing I/O.

@item long int ru_nswap
The number of times @var{processes} was swapped entirely out of main memory.

@item long int ru_inblock
The number of times the file system had to read from the disk on behalf
of @var{processes}.

@item long int ru_oublock
The number of times the file system had to write to the disk on behalf
of @var{processes}.

@item long int ru_msgsnd
Number of IPC messages sent.

@item long ru_msgrcv
Number of IPC messages received.

@item long int ru_nsignals
Number of signals received.

@item long int ru_nvcsw
The number of times @var{processes} voluntarily invoked a context switch
(usually to wait for some service).

@item long int ru_nivcsw
The number of times an involuntary context switch took place (because a
time slice expired, or another process of higher priority was
scheduled).
@end table
@end deftp

An additional historical function for examining resource usage,
@code{vtimes}, is supported but not documented here.  It is declared in
@file{sys/vtimes.h}.

@node Limits on Resources
@section Limiting Resource Usage
@cindex resource limits
@cindex limits on resource usage
@cindex usage limits

You can specify limits for the resource usage of a process.  When the
process tries to exceed a given limit, it may get a signal, or the system call
by which it tried to do so may fail, depending on the limit in question.  Each
process initially inherits its limit values from its parent, but it can
subsequently change them.

@pindex sys/resource.h
The symbols in this section are defined in @file{sys/resource.h}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getrlimit (int @var{resource}, struct rlimit *@var{rlp})
Read the current value and the maximum value of resource @var{resource}
and store them in @code{*@var{rlp}}.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
only possible @code{errno} error condition is @code{EFAULT}.

When the sources are compiled with @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64} on a
32-bit system, this function is in fact @code{getrlimit64}.  Thus the
LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment Unix98
@deftypefun int getrlimit64 (int @var{resource}, struct rlimit64 *@var{rlp})
This function is similar to @code{getrlimit}, but its second
parameter is a pointer to a variable of type @code{struct rlimit64},
allowing it to read values which wouldn't fit in the member
of a @code{struct rlimit}.

If the sources are compiled with @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64} on a
32-bit machine, this function is available under the name
@code{getrlimit} and so transparently replaces the old interface.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int setrlimit (int @var{resource}, const struct rlimit *@var{rlp})
Store the current value and the maximum value of resource @var{resource}
in @code{*@var{rlp}}.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error condition is possible:

@table @code
@item EPERM
You tried to change the maximum permissible limit value,
but you don't have privileges to do so.
@end table

When the sources are compiled with @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64} on a
32-bit system this function is in fact @code{setrlimit64}.  Thus the
LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment Unix98
@deftypefun int setrlimit64 (int @var{resource}, const struct rlimit64 *@var{rlp})
This function is similar to @code{setrlimit}, but its second parameter
is a pointer to a variable of type @code{struct rlimit64}, allowing it
to set values which wouldn't fit in the member of a @code{struct
rlimit}.

If the sources are compiled with @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64} on a
32-bit machine, this function is available under the name
@code{setrlimit} and so transparently replaces the old interface.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct rlimit}
This structure is used with @code{getrlimit} to receive limit values,
and with @code{setrlimit} to specify limit values.  It has two fields:

@table @code
@item rlim_t rlim_cur
The current value of the limit in question.
This is also called the ``soft limit''.
@cindex soft limit

@item rlim_t rlim_max
The maximum permissible value of the limit in question.  You cannot set
the current value of the limit to a larger number than this maximum.
Only the super-user can change the maximum permissible value.
This is also called the ``hard limit''.
@cindex hard limit
@end table

For @code{getrlimit}, the structure is an output; it receives the current
value.  With @code{setrlimit} it specifies the new value.
@end deftp

For the LFS functions a similar type is defined in @file{sys/resource.h}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment Unix98
@deftp {Data Type} {struct rlimit64}
This structure is used with @code{getrlimit64} to receive limit values,
and with @code{setrlimit64} to specify limit values.  It has two fields:

@table @code
@item rlim64_t rlim_cur
The current value of the limit in question.
This is also called the ``soft limit''.

@item rlim64_t rlim_max
The maximum permissible value of the limit in question.  You cannot set
the current value of the limit to a larger number than this maximum.
Only the super-user can change the maximum permissible value.
This is also called the ``hard limit''.
@end table

For @code{getrlimit64}, the structure is an output; it receives the current
value.  With @code{setrlimit64} it specifies the new value.
@end deftp

Here is a list of resources that you can specify a limit for.
Memory sizes are measured in bytes.

@table @code
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_CPU
@vindex RLIMIT_CPU
The maximum amount of CPU time the process can use.  If it runs for
longer than this, it gets a signal: @code{SIGXCPU}.  The value is
measured in seconds.  @xref{Operation Error Signals}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_FSIZE
@vindex RLIMIT_FSIZE
The maximum size of file the process can create.  Trying to write a
larger file causes a signal: @code{SIGXFSZ}.  @xref{Operation Error
Signals}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_DATA
@vindex RLIMIT_DATA
The maximum size of data memory for the process.  If the process tries
to allocate data memory beyond this amount, the allocation function
fails.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_STACK
@vindex RLIMIT_STACK
The maximum stack size for the process.  If the process tries to extend
its stack past this size, it gets a @code{SIGSEGV} signal.
@xref{Program Error Signals}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_CORE
@vindex RLIMIT_CORE
The maximum size core file that this process can create.  If the process
terminates and would dump a core file larger than this,
then no core file is created.  So setting this limit to zero prevents
core files from ever being created.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_RSS
@vindex RLIMIT_RSS
The maximum amount of physical memory that this process should get.
This parameter is a guide for the system's scheduler and memory
allocator; the system may give the process more memory when there is a
surplus.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
The maximum amount of memory that can be locked into physical memory (so
it will never be paged out).

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_NPROC
The maximum number of processes that can be created with the same user ID.
If you have reached the limit for your user ID, @code{fork} will fail
with @code{EAGAIN}.  @xref{Creating a Process}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIMIT_NOFILE
@vindex RLIMIT_NOFILE
@itemx RLIMIT_OFILE
@vindex RLIMIT_OFILE
The maximum number of files that the process can open.  If it tries to
open more files than this, it gets the error code @code{EMFILE}.
@xref{Error Codes}.  Not all systems support this limit; GNU does, and
4.4 BSD does.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment Unix98
@item RLIMIT_AS
@vindex RLIMIT_AS
The maximum size of total memory that this process should get.  If the
process tries to allocate more memory beyond this amount with, for
example, @code{brk}, @code{malloc}, @code{mmap} or @code{sbrk}, the
allocation function fails.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item RLIM_NLIMITS
@vindex RLIM_NLIMITS
The number of different resource limits.  Any valid @var{resource}
operand must be less than @code{RLIM_NLIMITS}.
@end table

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Constant int RLIM_INFINITY
This constant stands for a value of ``infinity'' when supplied as
the limit value in @code{setrlimit}.
@end deftypevr

@c ??? Someone want to finish these?
Two historical functions for setting resource limits, @code{ulimit} and
@code{vlimit}, are not documented here.  The latter is declared in
@file{sys/vlimit.h} and comes from BSD.

@node Priority
@section Process Priority
@cindex process priority
@cindex priority of a process

@pindex sys/resource.h
When several processes try to run, their respective priorities determine
what share of the CPU each process gets.  This section describes how you
can read and set the priority of a process.  All these functions and
macros are declared in @file{sys/resource.h}.

The range of valid priority values depends on the operating system, but
typically it runs from @code{-20} to @code{20}.  A lower priority value
means the process runs more often.  These constants describe the range of
priority values:

@table @code
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_MIN
@vindex PRIO_MIN
The smallest valid priority value.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_MAX
@vindex PRIO_MAX
The largest valid priority value.
@end table

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id})
Read the priority of a class of processes; @var{class} and @var{id}
specify which ones (see below).  If the processes specified do not all
have the same priority, this returns the smallest value that any of them
has.

The return value is the priority value on success, and @code{-1} on
failure.  The following @code{errno} error condition are possible for
this function:

@table @code
@item ESRCH
The combination of @var{class} and @var{id} does not match any existing
process.

@item EINVAL
The value of @var{class} is not valid.
@end table

If the return value is @code{-1}, it could indicate failure, or it
could be the priority value.  The only way to make certain is to set
@code{errno = 0} before calling @code{getpriority}, then use @code{errno
!= 0} afterward as the criterion for failure.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int setpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id}, int @var{priority})
Set the priority of a class of processes to @var{priority}; @var{class}
and @var{id} specify which ones (see below).

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error condition are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item ESRCH
The combination of @var{class} and @var{id} does not match any existing
process.

@item EINVAL
The value of @var{class} is not valid.

@item EPERM
You tried to set the priority of some other user's process, and you
don't have privileges for that.

@item EACCES
You tried to lower the priority of a process, and you don't have
privileges for that.
@end table
@end deftypefun

The arguments @var{class} and @var{id} together specify a set of
processes you are interested in.  These are the possible values of
@var{class}:

@table @code
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_PROCESS
@vindex PRIO_PROCESS
Read or set the priority of one process.  The argument @var{id} is a
process ID.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_PGRP
@vindex PRIO_PGRP
Read or set the priority of one process group.  The argument @var{id} is
a process group ID.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_USER
@vindex PRIO_USER
Read or set the priority of one user's processes.  The argument @var{id}
is a user ID.
@end table

If the argument @var{id} is 0, it stands for the current process,
current process group, or the current user, according to @var{class}.

@c ??? I don't know where we should say this comes from.
@comment Unix
@comment dunno.h
@deftypefun int nice (int @var{increment})
Increment the priority of the current process by @var{increment}.
The return value is the same as for @code{setpriority}.

Here is an equivalent definition of @code{nice}:

@smallexample
int
nice (int increment)
@{
  int old = getpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
  return setpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0, old + increment);
@}
@end smallexample
@end deftypefun