Installing the GNU C Library **************************** Before you do anything else, you should read the file `FAQ' found at the top level of the source tree. This file answers common questions and describes problems you may experience with compilation and installation. It is updated more frequently than this manual. Features can be added to GNU Libc via "add-on" bundles. These are separate tarfiles which you unpack into the top level of the source tree. Then you give `configure' the `--enable-add-ons' option to activate them, and they will be compiled into the library. As of the 2.1 release, two important components of glibc are distributed as "official" add-ons. Unless you are doing an unusual installation, you should get them both. Support for POSIX threads is maintained by someone else, so it's in a separate package. It is only available for Linux systems, but this will change in the future. Get it from the same place you got the main bundle; the file is `glibc-linuxthreads-VERSION.tar.gz'. Support for the `crypt' function is distributed separately because of United States export restrictions. If you are outside the US or Canada, you must get `crypt' support from a site outside the US, such as `ftp.ifi.uio.no'. (Most non-US mirrors of `ftp.gnu.org' will have it too.) The file you need is `glibc-crypt-VERSION.tar.gz'. You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC and GNU Make, and possibly others. *Note Tools for Compilation::, below. Configuring and compiling GNU Libc ================================== GNU Libc cannot be compiled in the source directory. You must create a separate directory for the object files. This directory should be outside the source tree. For example, if you have unpacked the glibc sources in `/src/gnu/glibc-2.1.0', create a directory `/src/gnu/glibc-build' to put the object files in. From your object directory, run the shell script `configure' found at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type $ ../glibc-2.1.0/configure ARGS... `configure' takes many options, but you can get away with knowing only two: `--prefix' and `--enable-add-ons'. The `--prefix' option tells configure where you want glibc installed. This defaults to `/usr/local'. The `--enable-add-ons' option tells configure to use all the add-on bundles it finds in the source directory. Since important functionality is provided in add-ons, you should always give this option. It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in the environment when running `configure'. CC selects the C compiler that will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options for the compiler. Here are all the useful options known by `configure': `--prefix=DIRECTORY' Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to install in `/usr/local'. `--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY' Install the library and other machine-dependent files in subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to the `--prefix' directory if that option is given, or `/usr/local' otherwise. `--with-headers=DIRECTORY' Look for kernel header files in DIRECTORY, not `/usr/include'. Glibc needs information from the kernel's private header files. It will normally look in `/usr/include' for them, but if you give this option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead. This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in `/usr/include' come from an older version of glibc. Conflicts can occasionally happen in this case. Note that Linux libc5 qualifies as an older version of glibc. You can also use this option if you want to compile glibc with a newer set of kernel headers than the ones found in `/usr/include'. `--enable-add-ons[=LIST]' Enable add-on packages in your source tree. If this option is given with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it finds. If you do not wish to use some add-on package that you have present in your source tree, give this option a list of the add-ons that you *do* want used, like this: `--enable-add-ons=crypt,linuxthreads' `--with-binutils=DIRECTORY' Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in `DIRECTORY', not the ones the C compiler would default to. You could use this option if the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the constructs in the GNU C library. (`configure' will detect the problem and suppress these constructs, so the library will still be usable, but functionality may be lost--for example, you can not build a shared libc with old binutils.) `--without-fp' Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point support and your operating system does not emulate an FPU. `--disable-static' Don't build static libraries. Static libraries aren't that useful these days, but we recommend you build them in case you need them. `--disable-shared' Don't build shared libraries even if we could. Not all systems support shared libraries; you need ELF support and (currently) the GNU linker. `--disable-profile' Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to use this option if you don't plan to do profiling. `--enable-omitfp' Use maximum optimization for the normal (static and shared) libraries, and compile separate static libraries with debugging information and no optimisation. We recommend against this. The extra optimization doesn't gain you much, it may provoke compiler bugs, and you won't be able to trace bugs through the C library. `--disable-versioning' Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information. Doing this will make the library that's built incompatible with old binaries, so it's not recommended. `--enable-static-nss' Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries. This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a program linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be dynamically reconfigured to use a different name database. `--build=BUILD-SYSTEM' `--host=HOST-SYSTEM' These options are for cross-compiling. If you give them both and BUILD-SYSTEM is different from HOST-SYSTEM, `configure' will prepare to cross-compile glibc from BUILD-SYSTEM to be used on HOST-SYSTEM. You'll probably need the `--with-headers' option too, and you may have to override CONFIGURE's selection of the compiler and/or binutils. If you give just `--host', configure will prepare for a native compile but use what you say instead of guessing what your system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel. For example, if configure guesses your machine as `i586-pc-linux-gnu' but you want to compile a library optimized for 386es, give `--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu' or just `--host=i386-linux'. (A library compiled for a Pentium (`i586') will still work on a 386, but it may be slower.) If you give just `--build', configure will get confused. To build the library and related programs, type `make'. This will produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from `make' but isn't. Look for error messages from `make' containing `***'. Those indicate that something is really wrong. The compilation process takes several hours even on fast hardware. Expect at least two hours for the default configuration on i586 for Linux. For Hurd times are much longer. Except for EGCS 1.1 (and later versions of EGCS), all supported versions of GCC have a problem which causes them to take several minutes to compile certain files in the iconvdata directory. Do not panic if the compiler appears to hang. If you want to run a parallel make, you can't just give `make' the `-j' option, because it won't be passed down to the sub-makes. Instead, edit the generated `Makefile' and uncomment the line # PARALLELMFLAGS = -j 4 You can change the `4' to some other number as appropriate for your system. To build and run some test programs which exercise some of the library facilities, type `make check'. This should complete successfully; if it doesn't, do not use the built library, and report a bug. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for how to do that. Note that some of the tests assume they are not being run by `root'. We recommend you compile and test glibc as an unprivileged user. To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type `make dvi'. You need a working TeX installation to do this. The distribution already includes the on-line formatted version of the manual, as Info files. You can regenerate those with `make info', but it shouldn't be necessary. Installing the C Library ======================== To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the manual, type `make install'. This will build things if necessary, before installing them. Don't rely on that; compile everything first. If you are installing glibc as your primary C library, we recommend you shut the system down to single-user mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk of breaking things when the library changes out from underneath. If you are upgrading from a previous installation of glibc 2.0 or 2.1, `make install' will do the entire job. If you're upgrading from Linux libc5 or some other C library, you need to rename the old `/usr/include' directory out of the way first, or you will end up with a mixture of header files from both libraries, and you won't be able to compile anything. You may also need to reconfigure GCC to work with the new library. The easiest way to do that is to figure out the compiler switches to make it work again (`-Wl,-dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2' should work on Linux systems) and use them to recompile gcc. You can also edit the specs file (`/usr/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/specs'), but that is a bit of a black art. You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to go by setting the `install_root' variable on the command line for `make install'. The value of this variable is prepended to all the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot environment or preparing a binary distribution. Glibc 2.1 includes two daemons, `nscd' and `utmpd', which you may or may not want to run. `nscd' caches name service lookups; it can dramatically improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as well. `utmpd' allows programs that use the old format for the `utmp' file to coexist with new programs. For more information see the files `nscd/README' and `login/README.utmpd'. One auxiliary program, `/usr/libexec/pt_chown', is installed setuid `root'. This program is invoked by the `grantpt' function; it sets the permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the calling process. This means programs like `xterm' and `screen' do not have to be setuid to get a pty. (There may be other reasons why they need privileges.) If you are using a 2.1 Linux kernel with the `devptsfs' or `devfs' filesystems providing pty slaves, you don't need this program; otherwise you do. The source for `pt_chown' is in `login/programs/pt_chown.c'. Recommended Tools for Compilation ================================= We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to build the GNU C library: * GNU `make' 3.75 You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C Library to work with other `make' programs would be so hard that we recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* We recommend version GNU `make' version 3.75 or 3.77. All earlier versions have severe bugs or lack features. Version 3.76 is known to have bugs which only show up in big projects like GNU `libc'. Version 3.76.1 seems OK but some people have reported problems. * EGCS 1.1.1, 1.1 or 1.0.3 The GNU C library can only be compiled with the GNU C compiler family. We recommend EGCS 1.0.3 or higher. GCC 2.8.1 and older versions of EGCS may have problems, particularly on non-Intel architectures. GCC 2.7.x has catastrophic bugs and cannot be used at all. (You can use GCC 2.7.x to compile programs that use GNU libc, but you may have problems, particularly with the math functions.) On Alpha machines you need at least EGCS 1.1.1. Earlier versions don't work reliably. For PPC you might need some patches even on top of the last EGCS version. See the FAQ. * GNU `binutils' 2.9.1, or 2.9.1.0.16 You must use GNU binutils (as and ld) if you want to build a shared library. Even if you don't, we recommend you use them anyway. No one has tested compilation with non-GNU binutils in a long time. The quality of binutils releases has varied a bit recently. The bugs are in obscure features, but glibc uses quite a few of those. 2.9.1 and 2.9.1.0.16 are known to work. Versions after 2.8.1.0.23 may or may not work. Older versions definitely don't. 2.9.1.0.16 is required on some platforms, like PPC and Arm. For PPC you might need some patches even on top of the last binutils version. See the FAQ. * GNU `texinfo' 3.11 To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you need this version of the `texinfo' package. Earlier versions do not understand all the tags used in the document, and the installation mechanism for the info files is not present or works differently. * GNU `awk' 3.0, or some other POSIX awk Awk is used in several places to generate files. The scripts should work with any POSIX-compliant awk implementation; `gawk' 3.0 and `mawk' 1.3 are known to work. * Perl 5 Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future. If you change any of the `configure.in' files you will also need * GNU `autoconf' 2.12 and if you change any of the message translation files you will need * GNU `gettext' 0.10.35 or later You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using patches, although we try to avoid this. Supported Configurations ======================== The GNU C Library currently supports configurations that match the following patterns: alpha-*-linux arm-*-linux arm-*-linuxaout arm-*-none iX86-*-gnu iX86-*-linux m68k-*-linux powerpc-*-linux sparc-*-linux sparc64-*-linux Former releases of this library (version 1.09.1 and perhaps earlier versions) used to run on the following configurations: alpha-dec-osf1 alpha-*-linuxecoff iX86-*-bsd4.3 iX86-*-isc2.2 iX86-*-isc3.N iX86-*-sco3.2 iX86-*-sco3.2v4 iX86-*-sysv iX86-*-sysv4 iX86-force_cpu386-none iX86-sequent-bsd i960-nindy960-none m68k-hp-bsd4.3 m68k-mvme135-none m68k-mvme136-none m68k-sony-newsos3 m68k-sony-newsos4 m68k-sun-sunos4.N mips-dec-ultrix4.N mips-sgi-irix4.N sparc-sun-solaris2.N sparc-sun-sunos4.N Since no one has volunteered to test and fix these configurations, they are not supported at the moment. They probably don't compile; they definitely don't work anymore. Porting the library is not hard. If you are interested in doing a port, please contact the glibc maintainers by sending electronic mail to <bug-glibc@gnu.org>. Each case of `iX86' can be `i386', `i486', `i586', or `i686'. All of those configurations produce a library that can run on any of these processors. The library will be optimized for the specified processor, but will not use instructions not available on all of them. If you want the library to use instructions only available on newer processors, give GCC the appropriate `-m' switches via CFLAGS. Specific advice for Linux systems ================================= If you are installing GNU libc on a Linux system, you need to have the header files from a development kernel around for reference. You do not need to use the development kernel, just have its headers where glibc can get at them. The easiest way to do this is to unpack a development kernel in a directory such as `/usr/src/linux-dev'. In that directory, run `make config' and accept all the defaults. Then configure glibc with the option `--with-headers=/usr/src/linux-dev/include'. Use the latest development kernel you can get your hands on. An alternate tactic is to unpack the development kernel and run `make config' as above. Then rename or delete `/usr/include', create a new `/usr/include', and make the usual symbolic links of `/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm' into the development kernel sources. You can then configure glibc with no special options. This tactic is recommended if you are upgrading from libc5, since you need to get rid of the old header files anyway. Note that `/usr/include/net' and `/usr/include/scsi' should *not* be symlinks into the kernel sources. GNU libc provides its own versions of these files. Linux expects some components of the libc installation to be in `/lib' and some in `/usr/lib'. This is handled automatically if you configure glibc with `--prefix=/usr'. If you set some other prefix or allow it to default to `/usr/local', then all the components are installed there. If you are upgrading from libc5, you need to recompile every shared library on your system against the new library for the sake of new code, but keep the old libraries around for old binaries to use. This is complicated and difficult. Consult the Glibc2 HOWTO at `http://www.imaxx.net/~thrytis/glibc' for details. You cannot use `nscd' with 2.0 kernels, due to bugs in the kernel-side thread support. `nscd' happens to hit these bugs particularly hard, but you might have problems with any threaded program. Reporting Bugs ============== There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer. To report a bug, first you must find it. Hopefully, this will be the hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a bug. A good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the same way some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and the libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the libraries is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU library. Many historical Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as closing a file twice. If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does not conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (*note Standards and Portability::.), that is definitely a bug. Report it! Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function call, if possible. This should not be too difficult. The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug. Do this using the `glibcbug' script. It is installed with libc, or if you haven't installed it, will be in your build directory. Send your test case, the results you got, the results you expected, and what you think the problem might be (if you've thought of anything). `glibcbug' will insert the configuration information we need to see, and ship the report off to <bug-glibc@gnu.org>. Don't send a message there directly; it is fed to a program that expects mail to be formatted in a particular way. Use the script. If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the Internet address <bug-glibc-manual@gnu.org>. If you refer to specific sections when reporting on the manual, please include the section names for easier identification.