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* benchtests: Building benchmarks as static executablesH.J. Lu2021-10-042-7/+29
| | | | | | | | | | | | Building benchmarks as static executables: ========================================= To build benchmarks as static executables, on the build system, run: $ make STATIC-BENCHTESTS=yes bench-build You can copy benchmark executables to another machine and run them without copying the source nor build directories.
* benchtests: Improve reliability of memcmp benchmarksNoah Goldstein2021-09-241-11/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | No bug. Remove reallocation of bufs between implementation tests. Move initialization outside of foreach implementation test loop. Increase iteration count. Generally before this commit was seeing a great deal of variability between runs. The goal of this commit is to make the results more reliable. Benchtests build and bench-memcmp succeeding. Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com>
* benchtests: Fix validate_benchout.py exceptionsNaohiro Tamura2021-09-163-3/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch fixed validate_benchout.py two exceptions, 1) AttributeError if benchout_strings.schema.json is specified, and 2) json.decoder.JSONDecodeError if benchout file is not JSON. $ ~/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py bench-memset.out \ ~/glibc/benchtests/scripts/benchout_strings.schema.json Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py", line 86, in <module> sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:])) File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py", line 69, in main bench.parse_bench(args[0], args[1]) File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/import_bench.py", line 139, in parse_bench do_for_all_timings(bench, lambda b, f, v: File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/import_bench.py", line 107, in do_for_all_timings if 'timings' not in bench['functions'][func][k].keys(): AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'keys' $ ~/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py bench-math-inlines.out \ ~/glibc/benchtests/scripts/benchout_strings.schema.json Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py", line 86, in <module> sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:])) File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/validate_benchout.py", line 69, in main bench.parse_bench(args[0], args[1]) File "/home/naohirot/glibc/benchtests/scripts/import_bench.py", line 137, in parse_bench bench = json.load(benchfile) File "/usr/lib/python3.6/json/__init__.py", line 299, in load parse_constant=parse_constant, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook, **kw) File "/usr/lib/python3.6/json/__init__.py", line 354, in loads return _default_decoder.decode(s) File "/usr/lib/python3.6/json/decoder.py", line 342, in decode raise JSONDecodeError("Extra data", s, end) json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Extra data: line 1 column 17 (char 16) Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* benchtests: Remove redundant assert.hNaohiro Tamura2021-09-132-2/+0
| | | | | | | This patch removed redundant "#include <assert.h>" from bench-memset-large.c and bench-memset-walk.c. Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* benchtests: Enable scripts/plot_strings.py to read stdinNaohiro Tamura2021-09-131-3/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch enables scripts/plot_strings.py to read a benchmark result file from stdin. To keep backward compatibility, that is to keep accepting multiple of benchmark result files in argument, blank argument doesn't mean stdin, but '-' does. Therefore nargs parameter of ArgumentParser.add_argument() method is not changed to '?', but keep '+'. ex: $ jq '.' bench-memset.out | plot_strings.py - $ jq '.' bench-memset.out | plot_strings.py - bench-memset-large.out $ plot_strings.py bench-memset.out bench-memset-large.out error ex: $ jq '.' bench-memset.out | plot_strings.py Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* Remove sysdeps/*/tls-macros.hFangrui Song2021-08-181-22/+0
| | | | | | | | They provide TLS_GD/TLS_LD/TLS_IE/TLS_IE macros for TLS testing. Now that we have migrated to __thread and tls_model attributes, these macros are unused and the tls-macros.h files can retire. Reviewed-by: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
* Remove obsolete comments/name from several benchtest input files.Paul Zimmermann2021-08-026-23/+0
| | | | | | | | These comments refer to slow paths that were removed in glibc 2.34 or earlier. The corresponding "names" that yield separate workload traces for "make bench" are thus obsolete. We are however keeping the corresponding inputs. Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* Remove obsolete comments/name from acos-inputs, since slow path was removed.Paul Zimmermann2021-08-021-3/+0
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* tests: use xmalloc to allocate implementation arraySiddhesh Poyarekar2021-07-281-2/+3
| | | | | | | | The benchmark and tests must fail in case of allocation failure in the implementation array. Also annotate the x* allocators in support.h so that the compiler has more information about them. Reviewed-by: Florian Weimer <fweimer@redhat.com>
* benchtests: Fixed bench-memcpy-random: buf1: mprotect failedNaohiro Tamura2021-05-261-2/+2
| | | | | | | | This patch fixed mprotect system call failure on AArch64. This failure happened on not only A64FX but also ThunderX2. Also this patch updated a JSON key from "max-size" to "length" so that 'plot_strings.py' can process 'bench-memcpy-random.out'
* Bench: Add support for choose direction of memcpy in benchtestsNoah Goldstein2021-05-233-65/+94
| | | | | | | | | | This patch adds support for testing memcpy with both dst > src and dst < src. Since memcpy is implemented as memmove which has seperate control flows for certain sizes depending on dst > src it seems like 1) information that should be provided in the benchtest output and a variable that can be controlled for the benchmarks. Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com>
* x86: Expand bench-memcmp.c and test-memcmp.cNoah Goldstein2021-05-181-6/+26
| | | | | | | | | | | No bug. This commit adds some additional performance test cases to bench-memcmp.c and test-memcmp.c. The new benchtests include some medium range sizes, as well as small sizes near page cross. The new correctness tests correspond with the new benchtests though add some additional cases for checking the page cross logic. Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
* benchtests: Use JSON for bench-rawmemchr outputMatheus Castanho2021-05-171-15/+39
| | | | | | | | Convert the output of benchtests/bench-rawmemchr to JSON like other string benchmarks. This makes the output more parseable and allows usage of compare_strings.py, for example. Reviewed-by: Lucas A. M. Magalhaes <lamm@linux.ibm.com>
* add workload traces for cbrtlPaul Zimmermann2021-05-102-0/+1008
| | | | | | These workload traces cover the whole "long double" range. This patch was prepared with the help of Adhemerval Zanella. Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* Bench: Expand bench-memchr.cNoah Goldstein2021-05-031-0/+13
| | | | | | | | No bug. This commit adds some additional cases for bench-memchr.c including testing medium sizes and testing short length with both an inbound match and out of bound match. Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com>
* bench-memcpy: Collect data from 2KB to 4KBH.J. Lu2021-05-031-0/+8
| | | | Collect data on memcpy from 2KB to 4KB with the 64-byte increment value.
* x86: Expand test-memset.c and bench-memset.cNoah Goldstein2021-04-191-2/+4
| | | | | | | | | No bug. This commit adds tests cases and benchmarks for page cross and for memset to the end of the page without crossing. As well in test-memset.c this commit adds sentinel on start/end of tstbuf to test for overwrites Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com>
* benchtests: Fix name of exp10f benchmark variantSiddhesh Poyarekar2021-04-181-1/+1
| | | | Variant names don't accept brackets.
* benchtests: Fix pthread-locks test to produce valid jsonSiddhesh Poyarekar2021-04-182-8/+11
| | | | | | | | | The benchtests json allows {function {variant}} categorization of results whereas the pthread-locks tests had {function {variant {subvariant}}}, which broke validation. Fix that by serializing the subvariants as variant-subvariant. Also update the schema to recognize the new benchmark attributes after fixing the naming conventions.
* x86: Expanding test-memmove.c, test-memcpy.c, bench-memcpy-large.cnoah2021-04-161-2/+6
| | | | | | | | | | | | No Bug. This commit expanding the range of tests / benchmarks for memmove and memcpy. The test expansion is mostly in the vein of increasing the maximum size, increasing the number of unique alignments tested, and testing both source < destination and vice versa. The benchmark expansaion is just to increase the number of unique alignments. test-memcpy, test-memccpy, test-mempcpy, test-memmove, and tst-memmove-overflow all pass. Signed-off-by: Noah Goldstein <goldstein.w.n@gmail.com>
* add workload traces for missing functions (double format)Paul Zimmermann2021-03-2915-4/+13231
| | | | | | | | | | This patch adds workload traces for all double format functions where such files are missing. For each function, a set of 1000 random values is generated at random using SageMath, such that the output values are meaningful (for example avoiding too large inputs for exp10 where the output would be +Inf). More details about the generated values are given at the beginning of each file. Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* benchtests: Add ilogb* testsRaphael Moreira Zinsly2021-03-164-2/+35
| | | | Add a benchtest to ilogb, ilogbf and ilogbf128 based on the logb* benchtests.
* benchtests: Updated json bench-variant attributeNaohiro Tamura2021-02-101-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | This patch updates json "bench-variant" attribute of "bench-memset.c" to "default" so that the script "benchtests/scripts/plot_strings.py" can generate a file "memset_time_default_linear.png". Without this patch, the script "benchtests/scripts/plot_strings.py" generates a file "memset_time__linear.png" which has inconsistent form with "memcpy_time_default_linear.png" and "memmove_time_default_linear.png".
* strchr: Add additional benchmarks and testsnoah2021-02-081-1/+25
| | | | | | This patch adds additional benchmarks and tests for string size of 4096 and several benchmarks for string size 256 with different alignments.
* benchtests: Do not build bench-timing-type with MODULE_NAME=libcArjun Shankar2021-01-261-7/+7
| | | | | | | | | Since commit 2682695e5c7a, `make bench-build' with `--enable-static-pie' fails due to bench-timing-type being incorrectly built with MODULE_NAME set to `libc'. This commit sets MODULE_NAME to nonlib, thus fixing the build failure. Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* install: Replace scripts/output-format.sed with objdump -f [BZ #26559]Fangrui Song2021-01-111-1/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GNU ld and gold have supported --print-output-format since 2011. glibc requires binutils>=2.25 (2015), so if LD is GNU ld or gold, we can assume the option is supported. lld is by default a cross linker supporting multiple targets. It auto detects the file format and does not need OUTPUT_FORMAT. It does not support --print-output-format. By parsing objdump -f, we can support all the three linkers. Reviewed-by: Adhemerval Zanella <adhemerval.zanella@linaro.org>
* Update copyright dates with scripts/update-copyrightsPaul Eggert2021-01-0283-84/+84
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I used these shell commands: ../glibc/scripts/update-copyrights $PWD/../gnulib/build-aux/update-copyright (cd ../glibc && git commit -am"[this commit message]") and then ignored the output, which consisted lines saying "FOO: warning: copyright statement not found" for each of 6694 files FOO. I then removed trailing white space from benchtests/bench-pthread-locks.c and iconvdata/tst-iconv-big5-hkscs-to-2ucs4.c, to work around this diagnostic from Savannah: remote: *** pre-commit check failed ... remote: *** error: lines with trailing whitespace found remote: error: hook declined to update refs/heads/master
* New benchtest: pthread locksDJ Delorie2020-10-212-1/+556
| | | | | | | | Performance benchmarks for various posix locks: mutex, rwlock, spinlock, condvar, and semaphore. Each test is performed with an empty loop body or with a computationally "interesting" (i.e. difficult to optimize away, and used just to allow lock code to be "hidden" in the filler's CPU cycles).
* bench-strcmp.c: Add workloads on page boundaryH.J. Lu2020-09-241-0/+56
| | | | Add strcmp workloads on page boundary.
* bench-strncmp.c: Add workloads on page boundaryH.J. Lu2020-09-241-0/+128
| | | | Add strncmp workloads on page boundary.
* benchtests: Run _Float128 tests only on architectures that support itArjun Shankar2020-09-234-7/+11
| | | | | | | | | | __float128 is a non-standard name and is not available on some architectures (like aarch64 or s390x) even though they may support the standard _Float128 type. Other architectures (like armv7) don't support quad-precision floating-point operations at all. This commit replaces benchtests references to __float128 with _Float128 and runs the corresponding tests only on architectures that support it.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for sinf128Paul Zimmermann2020-09-102-1/+2008
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for sinf128 in binary32. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for sinfPaul Zimmermann2020-09-101-0/+2004
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for sinf in binary32. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for sinPaul Zimmermann2020-09-101-0/+2004
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for sin in binary64. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for powf128Paul Zimmermann2020-09-102-1/+1006
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for pow in binary128. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for powPaul Zimmermann2020-09-101-0/+1002
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for pow in binary64. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for expf128Paul Zimmermann2020-09-102-1/+1006
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for exp in binary128. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests: Add "workload" traces for expPaul Zimmermann2020-09-101-0/+1002
| | | | | This patch adds workload traces for exp in binary64. The trace is made of 1000 random numbers, generated with SageMath.
* benchtests/README update.Paul Zimmermann2020-08-041-6/+14
| | | | | | Improve documentation of the 'name' directive and the 'workload' mechanism. Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* Remove --enable-obsolete-rpc configure flagPetr Vorel2020-07-131-29/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sun RPC was removed from glibc. This includes rpcgen program, librpcsvc, and Sun RPC headers. Also test for bug #20790 was removed (test for rpcgen). Backward compatibility for old programs is kept only for architectures and ABIs that have been added in or before version 2.28. libtirpc is mature enough, librpcsvc and rpcgen are provided in rpcsvc-proto project. NOTE: libnsl code depends on Sun RPC (installed libnsl headers use installed Sun RPC headers), thus --enable-obsolete-rpc was a dependency for --enable-obsolete-nsl (removed in a previous commit). The arc ABI list file has to be updated because the port was added with the sunrpc symbols Tested-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* benchtests: Add exp10f benchmarkAdhemerval Zanella2020-06-192-1/+2390
| | | | | | It is based on expf one by converting each line with the formula: new_val = (float) log10 (exp ((double) old_val))
* benchtests: Restore the clock_gettime optionH.J. Lu2020-06-053-2/+17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | commit 7621e38bf3c58b2d0359545f1f2898017fd89d05 Author: Wilco Dijkstra <Wilco.Dijkstra@arm.com> Date: Tue Jan 29 17:43:45 2019 +0000 Add generic hp-timing support removed the clock_gettime option. Restore the clock_gettime option for some x86 CPUs on which value from RDTSC may not be incremented at a fixed rate. Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* Update HP_TIMING_NOW for _ISOMAC in sysdeps/generic/hp-timing.hH.J. Lu2020-06-051-1/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | commit e9698175b0b60407db1e89bcf29437ab224bca0b Author: Lukasz Majewski <lukma@denx.de> Date: Mon Mar 16 08:31:41 2020 +0100 y2038: Replace __clock_gettime with __clock_gettime64 breaks benchtests with sysdeps/generic/hp-timing.h: In file included from ./bench-timing.h:23, from ./bench-skeleton.c:25, from /export/build/gnu/tools-build/glibc-gitlab/build-x86_64-linux/benchtests/bench-rint.c:45: ./bench-skeleton.c: In function ‘main’: ../sysdeps/generic/hp-timing.h:37:23: error: storage size of ‘tv’ isn’t known 37 | struct __timespec64 tv; \ | ^~ Define HP_TIMING_NOW with clock_gettime in sysdeps/generic/hp-timing.h if _ISOMAC is defined. Don't define __clock_gettime in bench-timing.h since it is no longer needed. Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
* y2038: Replace __clock_gettime with __clock_gettime64Lukasz Majewski2020-05-201-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | The __clock_gettime internal function is not supporting 64 bit time on architectures with __WORDSIZE == 32 and __TIMESIZE != 64 (like e.g. ARM 32 bit). The __clock_gettime64 function shall be used instead in the glibc itself as it supports 64 bit time on those systems. This patch does not bring any changes to systems with __WORDSIZE == 64 as for them the __clock_gettime64 is aliased to __clock_gettime (in ./include/time.h).
* Add benchtests for roundeven and roundevenf.Shen-Ta Hsieh2020-03-273-2/+47
| | | | | This patch adds benchtests for the roundeven and roundevenf functions. The inputs are copied from trunc-inputs.
* Convert Python scripts to Python 3Alistair Francis2020-03-032-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | Change all of the #! lines in Python scripts that are called from Makefiles to reference /usr/bin/python3. All of the scripts called from Makefiles are already run with Python 3, so let's make sure they are explicitly using Python 3 if called manually.
* Improve random memcpy benchmarkWilco Dijkstra2020-02-101-29/+57
| | | | | | | | | Improve the random memcpy benchmark. Double the number of copies and increase the memory sizes tested to 512KB. Add a more detailed distribution of memcpy alignment and sizes up to 4096 based on SPEC2017 traces. Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
* Run bench-timing-type with newly built libc.Joseph Myers2020-01-201-1/+4
| | | | | benchtests/timing-type is built with the newly built libc, so should be run with it like actual tests and benchmarks.
* Update copyright dates with scripts/update-copyrights.Joseph Myers2020-01-0182-82/+82
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* Add new script for plotting string benchmark JSON outputKrzysztof Koch2019-11-131-0/+395
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add a script for visualizing the JSON output generated by existing glibc string microbenchmarks. Overview: plot_strings.py is capable of plotting benchmark results in the following formats, which are controlled with the -p or --plot argument: 1. absolute timings (-p time): plot the timings as they are in the input benchmark results file. 2. relative timings (-p rel): plot relative timing difference with respect to a chosen ifunc (controlled with -b argument). 3. performance relative to max (-p max): for each varied parameter value, plot 1/timing as the percentage of the maximum value out of the plotted ifuncs. 4. throughput (-p thru): plot varied parameter value over timing For all types of graphs, there is an option to explicitly specify the subset of ifuncs to plot using the --ifuncs parameter. For plot types 1. and 4. one can hide/expose exact benchmark figures using the --values flag. When plotting relative timing differences between ifuncs, the first ifunc listed in the input JSON file is the baseline, unless the baseline implementation is explicitly chosen with the --baseline parameter. For the ease of reading, the script marks the statistically insignificant range on the graphs. The default is +-5% but this value can be controlled with the --threshold parameter. To accommodate for the heterogeneity in benchmark results files, one can control i.e the x-axis scale, the resolution (dpi) of the generated figures or the key to access the varied parameter value in the JSON file. The corresponding options are --logarithmic, --resolution or --key. The --key parameter ensures that plot_strings.py works with all files which pass JSON schema validation. The schema can be chosen with the --schema parameter. If a window manager is available, one can enable interactive figure display using the --display flag. Finally, one can use the --grid flag to enable grid lines in the generated figures. Implementation: plot_strings.py traverses the JSON tree until a 'results' array is found and generates a separate figure for each such array. The figure is then saved to a file in one of the available formats (controlled with the --extension parameter). As the tree is traversed, the recursive function tracks the metadata about the test being run, so that each figure has a unique and meaningful title and filename. While plot_strings.py works with existing benchmarks, provisions have been made to allow adding more structure and metadata to these benchmarks. Currently, many benchmarks produce multiple timing values for the same value of the varied parameter (typically 'length'). Mutiple data points for the same parameter usually mean that some other parameter was varied as well, for example, if memmove's src and dst buffers overlap or not (see bench-memmove-walk.c and bench-memmove-walk.out). Unfortunately, this information is not exposed in the benchmark output file, so plot_strings.py has to resort to computing the geometric mean of these multiple values. In the process, useful information about the benchmark configuration is lost. Also, averaging the timings for different alignments can hide useful characterstics of the benchmarked ifuncs. Testing: plot_strings.py has been tested on all existing string microbenchmarks which produce results in JSON format. The script was tested on both Windows 10 and Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS. It runs on both python 2 and 3 (2.7.12 and 3.5.12 tested). Useful commands: 1. Plot timings for all ifuncs in bench-strlen.out: $ ./plot_strings.py bench-strlen.out 2. Display help: $ ./plot_strings.py -h 3. Plot throughput for __memset_avx512_unaligned_erms and __memset_avx512_unaligned. Save the generated figure in pdf format to 'results/'. Use logarithmic x-axis scale, show grid lines and expose the performance numbers: $ ./plot_strings.py bench.out -o results/ -lgv -e pdf -p thru \ -i __memset_avx512_unaligned_erms __memset_avx512_unaligned 4. Plot relative timings for all ifuncs in bench.out with __generic_memset as baseline. Display percentage difference threshold of +-10%: $ ./plot_strings.py bench.out -p rel -b __generic_memset -t 10 Discussion: 1. I would like to propose relaxing the benchout_strings.schema.json to allow specifying either a 'results' array with 'timings' (as before) or a 'variants' array. See below example: { "timing_type": "hp_timing", "functions": { "memcpy": { "bench-variant": "default", "ifuncs": ["generic_memcpy", "__memcpy_thunderx"], "variants": [ { "name": "powers of 2", "variants": [ { "name": "both aligned", "results": [ { "length": 1, "align1": 0, "align2": 0, "timings": [x, y] }, { "length": 2, "align1": 0, "align2": 0, "timings": [x, y] }, ... { "length": 65536, "align1": 0, "align2": 0, "timings": [x, y] }] }, { "name": "dst misaligned", "results": [ { "length": 1, "align1": 0, "align2": 0, "timings": [x, y] }, { "length": 2, "align1": 0, "align2": 1, "timings": [x, y] }, ... 'variants' array consists of objects such that each object has a 'name' attribute to describe the configuration of a particular test in the benchmark. This can be a description, for example, of how the parameter was varied or what was the buffer alignment tested. The 'name' attribute is then followed by another 'variants' array or a 'results' array. The nesting of variants allows arbitrary grouping of benchmark timings, while allowing description of these groups. Using recusion, it is possible to proceduraly create titles and filenames for the figures being generated.