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diff --git a/manual/top-menu.texi b/manual/top-menu.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ad64aeec1 --- /dev/null +++ b/manual/top-menu.texi @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +@menu +* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library. +* Error Reporting:: How library functions report errors. +* Memory Allocation:: Allocating memory dynamically and + manipulating it via pointers. +* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions. +* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing strings + and arrays. +* Extended Characters:: Support for extended character sets. +* Locales:: The country and language can affect the + behavior of library functions. +* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the user's + language. +* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions. +* Pattern Matching:: Matching shell ``globs'' and regular + expressions. +* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities. +* I/O on Streams:: Hign-level, portable I/O facilities. +* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O. +* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files. +* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication + mechanism. +* Sockets:: A more complicated IPC mechanism, with + networking support. +* Low-Level Terminal Interface:: How to change the characteristics of a + terminal device. +* Mathematics:: Math functions, useful constants, random + numbers. +* Arithmetic:: Low level arithmetic functions. +* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time and + formatting them nicely. +* Non-Local Exits:: Jumping out of nested function calls. +* Signal Handling:: How to send, block, and handle signals. +* Process Startup:: Writing the beginning and end of your + program. +* Processes:: How to create processes and run other + programs. +* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions. +* Name Service Switch:: Accessing system databases. +* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified. +* System Information:: Getting information about the hardware and + operating system. +* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system + limits. + +Add-ons + +* POSIX Threads:: The standard threads library. + +Appendices + +* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library. +* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file, + and derivation of each library feature. +* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library. +* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. +* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C library. +* Copying:: The GNU Library General Public License says + how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. + +Indices + +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names. +* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers. +* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros. +* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros. +* File Index:: Index of programs and files. + + --- The Detailed Node Listing --- + +Introduction + +* Getting Started:: What this manual is for and how to use it. +* Standards and Portability:: Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +* Using the Library:: Some practical uses for the library. +* Roadmap to the Manual:: Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. + +Error Reporting + +* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. +* Error Codes:: Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. + +Memory Allocation + +* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. +* Dynamic Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +* Allocation Debugging:: Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. +* Relocating Allocator:: Waste less memory, if you can tolerate + automatic relocation of the blocks you get. + +Character Handling + +* Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. + +* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. + +String and Array Utilities + +* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. +* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. +* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. +* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. +* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +* Encode Binary Data:: Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +* Argz and Envz Vectors:: Null-separated string vectors. + +Extended Characters + +* Extended Char Intro:: Multibyte codes versus wide characters. +* Locales and Extended Chars:: The locale selects the character codes. +* Multibyte Char Intro:: How multibyte codes are represented. +* Wide Char Intro:: How wide characters are represented. +* Wide String Conversion:: Converting wide strings to multibyte code + and vice versa. +* Length of Char:: how many bytes make up one multibyte char. +* Converting One Char:: Converting a string character by character. +* Example of Conversion:: Example showing why converting + one character at a time may be useful. +* Shift State:: Multibyte codes with "shift characters". + +Locales + +* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. +* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. +* Numeric Formatting:: How to format numbers according to the + chosen locale. + +Message Translation + +* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions. +* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. + +Searching and Sorting + +* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function. +* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function. +* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. +* Hash Search Function:: The @code{hsearch} function. +* Tree Search Function:: The @code{tsearch} function. + +Pattern Matching + +* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. +* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. + +I/O Overview + +* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. +* File Names:: How to refer to a file. + +I/O on Streams + +* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. +* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. +* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. +* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. +* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. +* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. +* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. +* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions. +* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for + @code{printf} and friends. +* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions. +* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. +* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. +* Other Kinds of Streams:: Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +* Formatted Messages:: Print strictly formatted messages. + +Low-Level I/O + +* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file + descriptors. +* Truncating Files:: Change the size of a file. +* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. +* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file + position. +* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed. +* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel. +* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file + descriptors. +* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. + +File System Interface + +* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative + file names. +* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory + contains. +* Working on Directory Trees:: Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. +* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. +* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. +* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. +* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. +* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. +* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. +* Temporary Files:: Naming and creating temporary files. + +Pipes and FIFOs + +* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function. +* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. +* Pipe Atomicity:: When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. + +Sockets + +* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. +* Communication Styles::Stream communication, datagrams, and other styles. +* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. +* Interface Naming:: Identifying specific network interfaces. +* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. +* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. +* Misc Namespaces:: Other namespaces not documented fully here. +* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. +* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. +* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. +* Inetd:: Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. + +Low-Level Terminal Interface + +* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. +* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. +* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. +* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers @dots{} +* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. +* Pseudo-Terminals:: How to open a pseudo-terminal. + +Mathematics + +* Mathematical Constants:: Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also pow and sqrt. +* Hyperbolic Functions:: sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +* Special Functions:: Bessel, gamma, erf. +* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +* FP Function Optimizations:: Fast code or small code. + +Arithmetic + +* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. +* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. +* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. +* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. +* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. +* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. +* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. + +Date and Time + +* Processor Time:: Measures processor time used by a program. +* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. +* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. +* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. +* Resource Usage:: Measuring various resources used. +* Limits on Resources:: Specifying limits on resource usage. +* Priority:: Reading or setting process run priority. + +Non-Local Exits + +* Intro: Non-Local Intro. When and how to use these facilities. +* Details: Non-Local Details. Functions for nonlocal exits. +* Non-Local Exits and Signals:: Portability issues. + +Signal Handling + +* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. +* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function. +* Interrupted Primitives:: Signal handlers affect use of @code{open}, + @code{read}, @code{write} and other functions. +* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process. +* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily. +* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack. +* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. + +Process Startup + +* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +* Environment Variables:: How to access parameters inherited from + a parent process. +* Program Termination:: How to cause a process to terminate and + return status information to its parent. + +Processes + +* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program. +* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it. +* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process. +* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process. +* Executing a File:: How to make a process execute another program. +* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed. +* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility. +* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program. + +Job Control + +* Concepts of Job Control:: Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control. +* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal. +* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal. +* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out. +* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control. +* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups. + +Name Service Switch + +* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for. +* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS. +* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally. +* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases. + +Users and Groups + +* User and Group IDs:: Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +* How Change Persona:: Changing the user and group IDs. +* Reading Persona:: How to examine the user and group IDs. + +* Setting User ID:: Functions for setting the user ID. +* Setting Groups:: Functions for setting the group IDs. + +* Enable/Disable Setuid:: Turning setuid access on and off. +* Setuid Program Example:: The pertinent parts of one sample program. +* Tips for Setuid:: How to avoid granting unlimited access. + +* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. + +* User Accounting Database:: Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. + +* User Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +* Database Example:: Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +* Netgroup Database:: Functions for accessing the netgroup database. + +System Information + +* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine. +* Hardware/Software Type ID:: Determining the hardware type of the + machine and what operating system it is + running. +* Filesystem handling:: Which is mounted and/or available? + +System Configuration + +* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +* System Options:: Optional POSIX features. +* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits. + +* Limits for Files:: Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support. +* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits. +* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file. + +* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits. + +* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path. + +POSIX Threads + +* Basic Thread Operations:: Creating, terminating, and waiting for threads. +* Thread Attributes:: Tuning thread scheduling. +* Cancellation:: Stopping a thread before it's done. +* Cleanup Handlers:: Deallocating resources when a thread is + cancelled. +* Mutexes:: One way to synchronize threads. +* Condition Variables:: Another way. +* POSIX Semaphores:: And a third way. +* Thread-Specific Data:: Variables with different values in + different threads. +* Threads and Signal Handling:: Why you should avoid mixing the two, and + how to do it if you must. +* Miscellaneous Thread Functions:: A grab bag of utility routines. + +Language Features + +* Consistency Checking:: Using @code{assert} to abort if + something ``impossible'' happens. +* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro @code{NULL}. +* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes. +* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations. + +Installation + +* Tools for Installation:: We recommend using these tools to build. +* Supported Configurations:: What systems the GNU C library runs on. +* Tips for Installation:: Useful hints for the installation. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs (if you want to + get them fixed) and other troubles + you may have with the GNU C library. + +Maintenance + +* Source Layout:: How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. +@end menu |