diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'manual/top-menu.texi')
| -rw-r--r-- | manual/top-menu.texi | 1215 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1215 deletions
diff --git a/manual/top-menu.texi b/manual/top-menu.texi deleted file mode 100644 index 5f30407eed..0000000000 --- a/manual/top-menu.texi +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1215 +0,0 @@ -@menu -* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library. -* Error Reporting:: How library functions report errors. -* Memory Allocation:: Allocating memory dynamically and - manipulating it via pointers. -* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions. -* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing strings - and arrays. -* Character Set Handling:: Support for extended character sets. -* Locales:: The country and language can affect the - behavior of library functions. -* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the user's - language. -* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions. -* Pattern Matching:: Matching shell ``globs'' and regular - expressions. -* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities. -* I/O on Streams:: High-level, portable I/O facilities. -* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O. -* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files. -* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication - mechanism. -* Sockets:: A more complicated IPC mechanism, with - networking support. -* Low-Level Terminal Interface:: How to change the characteristics of a - terminal device. -* Mathematics:: Math functions, useful constants, random - numbers. -* Arithmetic:: Low level arithmetic functions. -* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time and - formatting them nicely. -* Non-Local Exits:: Jumping out of nested function calls. -* Signal Handling:: How to send, block, and handle signals. -* Process Startup:: Writing the beginning and end of your - program. -* Processes:: How to create processes and run other - programs. -* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions. -* Name Service Switch:: Accessing system databases. -* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified. -* System Information:: Getting information about the hardware and - operating system. -* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system - limits. - -Add-ons - -* Cryptographic Functions:: DES encryption and password handling. -* POSIX Threads:: The standard threads library. - -Appendices - -* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library. -* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file, - and derivation of each library feature. -* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library. -* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. -* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C library. -* Copying:: The GNU Library General Public License says - how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. - -Indices - -* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names. -* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers. -* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros. -* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros. -* File Index:: Index of programs and files. - - --- The Detailed Node Listing --- - -Introduction - -* Getting Started:: What this manual is for and how to use it. -* Standards and Portability:: Standards and sources upon which the GNU - C library is based. -* Using the Library:: Some practical uses for the library. -* Roadmap to the Manual:: Overview of the remaining chapters in - this manual. - -Standards and Portability - -* ISO C:: The international standard for the C - programming language. -* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards - for operating systems. -* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS. -* SVID:: The System V Interface Description. -* XPG:: The X/Open Portability Guide. - -Using the Library - -* Header Files:: How to include the header files in your - programs. -* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really - be implemented as macros. -* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for - the library, and some for users. -* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined. - -Error Reporting - -* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. -* Error Codes:: Error code macros; all of these expand - into integer constant values. -* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. - -Memory Allocation - -* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. -* Dynamic Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. -* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general - dynamic allocation. -* Allocation Debugging:: Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. -* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc - but more efficient and convenient. -* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks - of automatic storage that are freed when the - calling function returns. - -Unconstrained Allocation - -* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of @code{malloc}. -* Malloc Examples:: Examples of @code{malloc}. @code{xmalloc}. -* Freeing after Malloc:: Use @code{free} to free a block you - got with @code{malloc}. -* Changing Block Size:: Use @code{realloc} to make a block - bigger or smaller. -* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use @code{calloc} to allocate a - block and clear it. -* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of - these functions. -* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory: - @code{memalign} and @code{valloc}. -* Malloc Tunable Parameters:: Use @code{mallopt} to adjust allocation - parameters. -* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors. -* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging - programs that use @code{malloc}. -* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much - memory your program is using. -* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of @code{malloc} and related functions. - -Allocation Debugging - -* Tracing malloc:: How to install the tracing functionality. -* Using the Memory Debugger:: Example programs excerpts. -* Tips for the Memory Debugger:: Some more or less clever ideas. -* Interpreting the traces:: What do all these lines mean? - -Obstacks - -* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program. -* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can - use obstacks. -* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack. -* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack. -* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both - functions and macros. -* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages. -* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more - complicated) growing objects. -* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack. -* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. -* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks; - efficiency considerations. -* Summary of Obstacks:: - -Variable Size Automatic - -* Alloca Example:: Example of using @code{alloca}. -* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use @code{alloca}. -* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid @code{alloca}. -* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative - method of allocating dynamically and - freeing automatically. - -Character Handling - -* Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are - letters, digits, punctuation, etc. - -* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. -* Classification of Wide Characters:: Character class determination for - wide characters. -* Using Wide Char Classes:: Notes on using the wide character - classes. -* Wide Character Case Conversion:: Mapping of wide characters. - -String and Array Utilities - -* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. -* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an - arbitrary array function. -* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. -* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings - and arrays. -* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise - comparison. -* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. -* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. -* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking - for delimiters. -* Encode Binary Data:: Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. -* Argz and Envz Vectors:: Null-separated string vectors. - -Argz and Envz Vectors - -* Argz Functions:: Operations on argz vectors. -* Envz Functions:: Additional operations on environment vectors. - -Character Set Handling - -* Extended Char Intro:: Introduction to Extended Characters. -* Charset Function Overview:: Overview about Character Handling - Functions. -* Restartable multibyte conversion:: Restartable multibyte conversion - Functions. -* Non-reentrant Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion Function. -* Generic Charset Conversion:: Generic Charset Conversion. - -Restartable multibyte conversion - -* Selecting the Conversion:: Selecting the conversion and its properties. -* Keeping the state:: Representing the state of the conversion. -* Converting a Character:: Converting Single Characters. -* Converting Strings:: Converting Multibyte and Wide Character - Strings. -* Multibyte Conversion Example:: A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example. - -Non-reentrant Conversion - -* Non-reentrant Character Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Single - Characters. -* Non-reentrant String Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. -* Shift State:: States in Non-reentrant Functions. - -Generic Charset Conversion - -* Generic Conversion Interface:: Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. -* iconv Examples:: A complete @code{iconv} example. -* Other iconv Implementations:: Some Details about other @code{iconv} - Implementations. -* glibc iconv Implementation:: The @code{iconv} Implementation in the GNU C - library. - -Locales - -* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of - locale. -* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. -* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which you can - select a locale. -* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale - with library functions. -* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. -* Locale Information:: How to access the information for the locale. -* Formatting Numbers:: A dedicated function to format numbers. - -Locale Information - -* The Lame Way to Locale Data:: ISO C's @code{localeconv}. -* The Elegant and Fast Way:: X/Open's @code{nl_langinfo}. - -The Lame Way to Locale Data - -* General Numeric:: Parameters for formatting numbers and - currency amounts. -* Currency Symbol:: How to print the symbol that identifies an - amount of money (e.g. @samp{$}). -* Sign of Money Amount:: How to print the (positive or negative) sign - for a monetary amount, if one exists. - -Message Translation - -* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions. -* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. - -Message catalogs a la X/Open - -* The catgets Functions:: The @code{catgets} function family. -* The message catalog files:: Format of the message catalog files. -* The gencat program:: How to generate message catalogs files which - can be used by the functions. -* Common Usage:: How to use the @code{catgets} interface. - -The Uniforum approach - -* Message catalogs with gettext:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. -* Helper programs for gettext:: Programs to handle message catalogs - for @code{gettext}. - -Message catalogs with gettext - -* Translation with gettext:: What has to be done to translate a message. -* Locating gettext catalog:: How to determine which catalog to be used. -* Using gettextized software:: The possibilities of the user to influence - the way @code{gettext} works. - -Searching and Sorting - -* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. - Since the sort and search facilities - are general, you have to specify the - ordering. -* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function. -* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function. -* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. -* Hash Search Function:: The @code{hsearch} function. -* Tree Search Function:: The @code{tsearch} function. - -Pattern Matching - -* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. -* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. -* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. -* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, - arithmetic, and wildcards. - This is what the shell does with shell commands. - -Globbing - -* Calling Glob:: Basic use of @code{glob}. -* Flags for Globbing:: Flags that enable various options in @code{glob}. -* More Flags for Globbing:: GNU specific extensions to @code{glob}. - -Regular Expressions - -* POSIX Regexp Compilation:: Using @code{regcomp} to prepare to match. -* Flags for POSIX Regexps:: Syntax variations for @code{regcomp}. -* Matching POSIX Regexps:: Using @code{regexec} to match the compiled - pattern that you get from @code{regcomp}. -* Regexp Subexpressions:: Finding which parts of the string were matched. -* Subexpression Complications:: Find points of which parts were matched. -* Regexp Cleanup:: Freeing storage; reporting errors. - -Word Expansion - -* Expansion Stages:: What word expansion does to a string. -* Calling Wordexp:: How to call @code{wordexp}. -* Flags for Wordexp:: Options you can enable in @code{wordexp}. -* Wordexp Example:: A sample program that does word expansion. -* Tilde Expansion:: Details of how tilde expansion works. -* Variable Substitution:: Different types of variable substitution. - -I/O Overview - -* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. -* File Names:: How to refer to a file. - -I/O Concepts - -* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways - to access the contents of files. -* File Position:: The number of bytes from the - beginning of the file. - -File Names - -* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files. -* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file. -* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names. -* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues. - -I/O on Streams - -* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. -* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output - devices are created for you. -* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. -* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. -* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. -* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. -* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. -* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. -* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. -* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions. -* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for - @code{printf} and friends. -* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions. -* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. -* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files - and binary files. -* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. -* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. -* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. -* Other Kinds of Streams:: Streams that do not necessarily correspond - to an open file. -* Formatted Messages:: Print strictly formatted messages. - -Unreading - -* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures. -* How Unread:: How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading. - -Formatted Output - -* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started. -* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion - specifications. -* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions and - what they do. -* Integer Conversions:: Details about formatting of integers. -* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details about formatting of - floating-point numbers. -* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings, - characters, pointers, and the like. -* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. -* Dynamic Output:: Functions that allocate memory for the output. -* Variable Arguments Output:: @code{vprintf} and friends. -* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of args does a given template - call for? -* Example of Parsing:: Sample program using @code{parse_printf_format}. - -Customizing Printf - -* Registering New Conversions:: Using @code{register_printf_function} - to register a new output conversion. -* Conversion Specifier Options:: The handler must be able to get - the options specified in the - template when it is called. -* Defining the Output Handler:: Defining the handler and arginfo - functions that are passed as arguments - to @code{register_printf_function}. -* Printf Extension Example:: How to define a @code{printf} - handler function. -* Predefined Printf Handlers:: Predefined @code{printf} handlers. - -Formatted Input - -* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started. -* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications. -* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do. -* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers. -* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings. -* Dynamic String Input:: String conversions that @code{malloc} the buffer. -* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions. -* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. -* Variable Arguments Input:: @code{vscanf} and friends. - -Stream Buffering - -* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here. -* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. -* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use. - -Other Kinds of Streams - -* String Streams:: Streams that get data from or put data in - a string or memory buffer. -* Obstack Streams:: Streams that store data in an obstack. -* Custom Streams:: Defining your own streams with an arbitrary - input data source and/or output data sink. - -Custom Streams - -* Streams and Cookies:: The @dfn{cookie} records where to fetch or - store data that is read or written. -* Hook Functions:: How you should define the four @dfn{hook - functions} that a custom stream needs. - -Formatted Messages - -* Printing Formatted Messages:: The @code{fmtmsg} function. -* Adding Severity Classes:: Add more severity classes. -* Example:: How to use @code{fmtmsg} and @code{addseverity}. - -Low-Level I/O - -* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file - descriptors. -* Truncating Files:: Change the size of a file. -* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. -* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file - position. -* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream - or vice-versa. -* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both - descriptors and streams. -* Scatter-Gather:: Fast I/O to discontinous buffers. -* Memory-mapped I/O:: Using files like memory. -* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output - on multiple file descriptors. -* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed. -* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel. -* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file - descriptors. -* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating - file descriptors. -* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating - flags associated with file - descriptors. -* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating - flags associated with open files. -* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing - file locking. -* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when - input arrives. -* IOCTLs:: Generic I/O Control operations. - -Stream/Descriptor Precautions - -* Linked Channels:: Dealing with channels sharing a file position. -* Independent Channels:: Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. -* Cleaning Streams:: Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use - another channel. - -Asynchronous I/O - -* Asynchronous Reads/Writes:: Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. -* Status of AIO Operations:: Getting the Status of AIO Operations. -* Synchronizing AIO Operations:: Getting into a consistent state. -* Cancel AIO Operations:: Cancelation of AIO Operations. -* Configuration of AIO:: How to optimize the AIO implementation. - -File Status Flags - -* Access Modes:: Whether the descriptor can read or write. -* Open-time Flags:: Details of @code{open}. -* Operating Modes:: Special modes to control I/O operations. -* Getting File Status Flags:: Fetching and changing these flags. - -File System Interface - -* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative - file names. -* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory - contains. -* Working on Directory Trees:: Apply actions to all files or a selectable - subset of a directory hierarchy. -* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. -* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. -* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. -* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. -* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. -* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. -* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. -* Temporary Files:: Naming and creating temporary files. - -Accessing Directories - -* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry. -* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream. -* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream. -* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program. -* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory - already read with the same stream. -* Scanning Directory Content:: Get entries for user selected subset of - contents in given directory. -* Simple Directory Lister Mark II:: Revised version of the program. - -File Attributes - -* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes, - and what their values mean. -* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file. -* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files, - directories, links... -* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined, - and how to change it. -* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access - mode is stored. -* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file. -* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned, - and how to change them. -* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can - access a file. -* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file. -* File Size:: Manually changing the size of a file. - -Pipes and FIFOs - -* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function. -* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a - child process. -* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. -* Pipe Atomicity:: When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. - -Sockets - -* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. -* Communication Styles::Stream communication, datagrams, and other styles. -* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. -* Interface Naming:: Identifying specific network interfaces. -* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. -* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. -* Misc Namespaces:: Other namespaces not documented fully here. -* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. -* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. -* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. -* Inetd:: Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. - The most convenient way to write a server - is to make it work with Inetd. -* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. -* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. - -Socket Addresses - -* Address Formats:: About @code{struct sockaddr}. -* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket. -* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket. - -Local Namespace - -* Concepts: Local Namespace Concepts. What you need to understand. -* Details: Local Namespace Details. Address format, symbolic names, etc. -* Example: Local Socket Example. Example of creating a socket. - -Internet Namespace - -* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the - Internet namespace. -* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of internet host. -* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name. -* Ports:: Internet port numbers. -* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names. -* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte - ordering conventions; you need to - canonicalize host address and port number. -* Inet Example:: Putting it all together. - -Host Addresses - -* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of. -* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number. -* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them. -* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers. - -Open/Close Sockets - -* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket. -* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket. -* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes. - -Connections - -* Connecting:: What the client program must do. -* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests. -* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request. -* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the - other side of a connection. -* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data. -* Byte Stream Example:: An example program: a client for communicating - over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. -* Server Example:: A corresponding server program. -* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature. - -Transferring Data - -* Sending Data:: Sending data with @code{send}. -* Receiving Data:: Reading data with @code{recv}. -* Socket Data Options:: Using @code{send} and @code{recv}. - -Datagrams - -* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket. -* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket. -* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a - datagram socket in the local namespace. -* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets. - -Inetd - -* Inetd Servers:: -* Configuring Inetd:: - -Socket Options - -* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting - socket options. -* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level. - -Low-Level Terminal Interface - -* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal - device, and what its name is. -* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. -* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. -* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling - details of terminal I/O: echoing, - signals, editing. -* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing - terminal buffers @dots{} -* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. -* Pseudo-Terminals:: How to open a pseudo-terminal. - -Terminal Modes - -* Mode Data Types:: The data type @code{struct termios} and - related types. -* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set the terminal - attributes. -* Setting Modes:: The right way to set terminal attributes - reliably. -* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling. -* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling. -* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior. -* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling. -* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed. -* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects, - and how to change them. -* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input. - -Special Characters - -* Editing Characters:: Special characters that terminate lines and - delete text, and other editing functions. -* Signal Characters:: Special characters that send or raise signals - to or for certain classes of processes. -* Start/Stop Characters:: Special characters that suspend or resume - suspended output. -* Other Special:: Other special characters for BSD systems: - they can discard output, and print status. - -Pseudo-Terminals - -* Allocation:: Allocating a pseudo terminal. -* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs:: How to open both sides of a - pseudo-terminal in a single operation. - -Mathematics - -* Mathematical Constants:: Precise numeric values for often-used - constants. -* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. -* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arcsine, arccosine, etc. -* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also pow and sqrt. -* Hyperbolic Functions:: sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. -* Special Functions:: Bessel, gamma, erf. -* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random - numbers. -* FP Function Optimizations:: Fast code or small code. - -Pseudo-Random Numbers - -* ISO Random:: @code{rand} and friends. -* BSD Random:: @code{random} and friends. -* SVID Random:: @code{drand48} and friends. - -Arithmetic - -* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. -* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. -* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. -* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. -* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. -* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. -* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. -* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. -* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. -* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. -* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. - -Floating Point Errors - -* FP Exceptions:: IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. -* Infinity and NaN:: Special values returned by calculations. -* Status bit operations:: Checking for exceptions after the fact. -* Math Error Reporting:: How the math functions report errors. - -Arithmetic Functions - -* Absolute Value:: Absolute values of integers and floats. -* Normalization Functions:: Extracting exponents and putting them back. -* Rounding Functions:: Rounding floats to integers. -* Remainder Functions:: Remainders on division, precisely defined. -* FP Bit Twiddling:: Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. -* FP Comparison Functions:: Comparisons without risk of exceptions. -* Misc FP Arithmetic:: Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. - -Parsing of Numbers - -* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. -* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point - values. - -Date and Time - -* Processor Time:: Measures processor time used by a program. -* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. -* Precision Time:: Manipulation and monitoring of high accuracy - time. -* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. -* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. -* Resource Usage:: Measuring various resources used. -* Limits on Resources:: Specifying limits on resource usage. -* Priority:: Reading or setting process run priority. - -Processor Time - -* Basic CPU Time:: The @code{clock} function. -* Detailed CPU Time:: The @code{times} function. - -Calendar Time - -* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time. -* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision. -* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time. -* Formatting Date and Time:: Converting times to strings. -* Parsing Date and Time:: Convert textual time and date information back - into broken-down time values. -* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone. -* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone. -* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of - the time functions. - -Parsing Date and Time - -* Low-Level Time String Parsing:: Interpret string according to given format. -* General Time String Parsing:: User-friendly function to parse data and - time strings. - -Non-Local Exits - -* Intro: Non-Local Intro. When and how to use these facilities. -* Details: Non-Local Details. Functions for nonlocal exits. -* Non-Local Exits and Signals:: Portability issues. - -Signal Handling - -* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. -* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with - standard names and meanings. -* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a - particular signal is delivered. -* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function. -* Interrupted Primitives:: Signal handlers affect use of @code{open}, - @code{read}, @code{write} and other functions. -* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process. -* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily. -* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal - arrives. -* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack. -* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward - compatibility with BSD. - -Concepts of Signals - -* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal. -* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur. -* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the - process. - -Standard Signals - -* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors. -* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the - program. -* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers. -* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available. -* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control. -* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors. -* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals. -* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal. - -Signal Actions - -* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple @code{signal} function. -* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful @code{sigaction} function. -* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact. -* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function. -* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling. -* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions. - -Defining Handlers - -* Handler Returns:: Handlers that return normally, and what - this means. -* Termination in Handler:: How handler functions terminate a program. -* Longjmp in Handler:: Nonlocal transfer of control out of a - signal handler. -* Signals in Handler:: What happens when signals arrive while - the handler is already occupied. -* Merged Signals:: When a second signal arrives before the - first is handled. -* Nonreentrancy:: Do not call any functions unless you know they - are reentrant with respect to signals. -* Atomic Data Access:: A single handler can run in the middle of - reading or writing a single object. - -Atomic Data Access - -* Non-atomic Example:: A program illustrating interrupted access. -* Types: Atomic Types. Data types that guarantee no interruption. -* Usage: Atomic Usage. Proving that interruption is harmless. - -Generating Signals - -* Signaling Yourself:: A process can send a signal to itself. -* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process. -* Permission for kill:: Permission for using @code{kill}. -* Kill Example:: Using @code{kill} for Communication. - -Blocking Signals - -* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals. -* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to - block. -* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your - process during normal execution. -* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of - a Signal. -* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a - handler is being run. -* Checking for Pending Signals:: Checking for Pending Signals -* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same - effect as blocking a signal, by - handling it and setting a flag - to be tested later. - -Waiting for a Signal - -* Using Pause:: The simple way, using @code{pause}. -* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good. -* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal. - -BSD Signal Handling - -* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler. -* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. - -Process Startup - -* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments. -* Environment Variables:: How to access parameters inherited from - a parent process. -* Program Termination:: How to cause a process to terminate and - return status information to its parent. - -Program Arguments - -* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen. -* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments. - -Parsing Program Arguments - -* Getopt:: Parsing program options using @code{getopt}. -* Argp:: Parsing program options using @code{argp_parse}. -* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options. -* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for @code{mount}. - -Environment Variables - -* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of - environment variables. -* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have - standard interpretations. - -Program Termination - -* Normal Termination:: If a program calls @code{exit}, a - process terminates normally. -* Exit Status:: The @code{exit status} provides information - about why the process terminated. -* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup - functions upon normal termination. -* Aborting a Program:: The @code{abort} function causes - abnormal program termination. -* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates. - -Processes - -* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program. -* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it. -* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process. -* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process. -* Executing a File:: How to make a process execute another program. -* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed. -* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value - returned from a child process. -* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility. -* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program. - -Job Control - -* Concepts of Job Control:: Jobs can be controlled by a shell. -* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control. -* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal. -* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal. -* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out. -* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control. -* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups. - -Implementing a Shell - -* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell. -* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take - responsibility for job control. -* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands. -* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background. -* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status. -* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in - the foreground or background. -* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell. - -Functions for Job Control - -* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name. -* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups. -* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access. - -Name Service Switch - -* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for. -* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS. -* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally. -* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases. - -NSS Configuration File - -* Services in the NSS configuration:: Service names in the NSS configuration. -* Actions in the NSS configuration:: React appropriately to the lookup result. -* Notes on NSS Configuration File:: Things to take care about while - configuring NSS. - -NSS Module Internals - -* NSS Module Names:: Construction of the interface function of - the NSS modules. -* NSS Modules Interface:: Programming interface in the NSS module - functions. - -Extending NSS - -* Adding another Service to NSS:: What is to do to add a new service. -* NSS Module Function Internals:: Guidelines for writing new NSS - service functions. - -Users and Groups - -* User and Group IDs:: Each user has a unique numeric ID; - likewise for groups. -* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process. -* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change - its user and/or group IDs. -* How Change Persona:: Changing the user and group IDs. -* Reading Persona:: How to examine the user and group IDs. - -* Setting User ID:: Functions for setting the user ID. -* Setting Groups:: Functions for setting the group IDs. - -* Enable/Disable Setuid:: Turning setuid access on and off. -* Setuid Program Example:: The pertinent parts of one sample program. -* Tips for Setuid:: How to avoid granting unlimited access. - -* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in, - or of the real user ID of the current process. - -* User Accounting Database:: Keeping information about users and various - actions in databases. - -* User Database:: Functions and data structures for - accessing the user database. -* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for - accessing the group database. -* Database Example:: Example program showing the use of database - inquiry functions. -* Netgroup Database:: Functions for accessing the netgroup database. - -User Accounting Database - -* Manipulating the Database:: Scanning and modifying the user - accounting database. -* XPG Functions:: A standardized way for doing the same thing. -* Logging In and Out:: Functions from BSD that modify the user - accounting database. - -User Database - -* User Data Structure:: What each user record contains. -* Lookup User:: How to look for a particular user. -* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the list of all users, one by one. -* Writing a User Entry:: How a program can rewrite a user's record. - -Group Database - -* Group Data Structure:: What each group record contains. -* Lookup Group:: How to look for a particular group. -* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the list of all groups. - -Netgroup Database - -* Netgroup Data:: Data in the Netgroup database and where - it comes from. -* Lookup Netgroup:: How to look for a particular netgroup. -* Netgroup Membership:: How to test for netgroup membership. - -System Information - -* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine. -* Hardware/Software Type ID:: Determining the hardware type of the - machine and what operating system it is - running. -* Filesystem handling:: Which is mounted and/or available? - -System Configuration - -* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe - various process-related limits that have - one uniform value for any given machine. -* System Options:: Optional POSIX features. -* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. -* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values - of general limits and system options. -* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits. - -* Limits for Files:: Size limitations that pertain to individual files. - These can vary between file systems - or even from file to file. -* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support. -* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits. -* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file. - -* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. -* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits. - -* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path. - -Sysconf - -* Sysconf Definition:: Detailed specifications of @code{sysconf}. -* Constants for Sysconf:: The list of parameters @code{sysconf} can read. -* Examples of Sysconf:: How to use @code{sysconf} and the parameter - macros properly together. - -Cryptographic Functions - -* Legal Problems:: This software can get you locked up, or worse. -* getpass:: Prompting the user for a password. -* crypt:: A one-way function for UNIX passwords. -* DES Encryption:: Routines for DES encryption. - -POSIX Threads - -* Basic Thread Operations:: Creating, terminating, and waiting for threads. -* Thread Attributes:: Tuning thread scheduling. -* Cancellation:: Stopping a thread before it's done. -* Cleanup Handlers:: Deallocating resources when a thread is - cancelled. -* Mutexes:: One way to synchronize threads. -* Condition Variables:: Another way. -* POSIX Semaphores:: And a third way. -* Thread-Specific Data:: Variables with different values in - different threads. -* Threads and Signal Handling:: Why you should avoid mixing the two, and - how to do it if you must. -* Miscellaneous Thread Functions:: A grab bag of utility routines. - -Language Features - -* Consistency Checking:: Using @code{assert} to abort if - something ``impossible'' happens. -* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying numbers - of args. -* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro @code{NULL}. -* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes. -* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations. - -Variadic Functions - -* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take - variable arguments. -* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions. -* Variadic Example:: A complete example. - -How Variadic - -* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function - with variable arguments. -* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the - optional argument values. -* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments. -* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling - variable arguments functions. -* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros - for accessing variable arguments. -* Old Varargs:: The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. - -Data Type Measurements - -* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold? -* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values - that an integer type can hold? -* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure the floating point types. -* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types. - -Floating Type Macros - -* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology. -* Floating Point Parameters:: Details of specific macros. -* IEEE Floating Point:: The measurements for one common - representation. - -Installation - -* Configuring and compiling:: How to compile and test GNU libc. -* Running make install:: How to install it once you've got it compiled. -* Tools for Compilation:: You'll need these first. -* Supported Configurations:: What it runs on, what it doesn't. -* Linux:: Specific advice for Linux systems. -* Reporting Bugs:: So they'll get fixed. - -Maintenance - -* Source Layout:: How to add new functions or header files - to the GNU C library. -* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to - a new machine or operating system. - -Porting - -* Hierarchy Conventions:: The layout of the @file{sysdeps} hierarchy. -* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average - Unix-like system. -@end menu |