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+/* stringprep.c --- Core stringprep implementation.
+ * Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004  Simon Josefsson
+ *
+ * This file is part of GNU Libidn.
+ *
+ * GNU Libidn is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * GNU Libidn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with GNU Libidn; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+ *
+ */
+
+#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
+# include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "stringprep.h"
+
+static ssize_t
+stringprep_find_character_in_table (uint32_t ucs4,
+				    const Stringprep_table_element * table)
+{
+  ssize_t i;
+
+  /* This is where typical uses of Libidn spends very close to all CPU
+     time and causes most cache misses.  One could easily do a binary
+     search instead.  Before rewriting this, I want hard evidence this
+     slowness is at all relevant in typical applications.  (I don't
+     dispute optimization may improve matters significantly, I'm
+     mostly interested in having someone give real-world benchmark on
+     the impact of libidn.) */
+
+  for (i = 0; table[i].start; i++)
+    if (ucs4 >= table[i].start &&
+	ucs4 <= (table[i].end ? table[i].end : table[i].start))
+      return i;
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+stringprep_find_string_in_table (uint32_t * ucs4,
+				 size_t ucs4len,
+				 size_t * tablepos,
+				 const Stringprep_table_element * table)
+{
+  size_t j;
+  ssize_t pos;
+
+  for (j = 0; j < ucs4len; j++)
+    if ((pos = stringprep_find_character_in_table (ucs4[j], table)) != -1)
+      {
+	if (tablepos)
+	  *tablepos = pos;
+	return j;
+      }
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static int
+stringprep_apply_table_to_string (uint32_t * ucs4,
+				  size_t * ucs4len,
+				  size_t maxucs4len,
+				  const Stringprep_table_element * table)
+{
+  ssize_t pos;
+  size_t i, maplen;
+
+  while ((pos = stringprep_find_string_in_table (ucs4, *ucs4len,
+						 &i, table)) != -1)
+    {
+      for (maplen = STRINGPREP_MAX_MAP_CHARS;
+	   maplen > 0 && table[i].map[maplen - 1] == 0; maplen--)
+	;
+
+      if (*ucs4len - 1 + maplen >= maxucs4len)
+	return STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER;
+
+      memmove (&ucs4[pos + maplen], &ucs4[pos + 1],
+	       sizeof (uint32_t) * (*ucs4len - pos - 1));
+      memcpy (&ucs4[pos], table[i].map, sizeof (uint32_t) * maplen);
+      *ucs4len = *ucs4len - 1 + maplen;
+    }
+
+  return STRINGPREP_OK;
+}
+
+#define INVERTED(x) ((x) & ((~0UL) >> 1))
+#define UNAPPLICAPLEFLAGS(flags, profileflags) \
+  ((!INVERTED(profileflags) && !(profileflags & flags) && profileflags) || \
+   ( INVERTED(profileflags) && (profileflags & flags)))
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_4i:
+ * @ucs4: input/output array with string to prepare.
+ * @len: on input, length of input array with Unicode code points,
+ *          on exit, length of output array with Unicode code points.
+ * @maxucs4len: maximum length of input/output array.
+ * @flags: stringprep profile flags, or 0.
+ * @profile: pointer to stringprep profile to use.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UCS-4 string according to the stringprep profile,
+ * and write back the result to the input string.
+ *
+ * The input is not required to be zero terminated (@ucs4[@len] = 0).
+ * The output will not be zero terminated unless @ucs4[@len] = 0.
+ * Instead, see stringprep_4zi() if your input is zero terminated or
+ * if you want the output to be.
+ *
+ * Since the stringprep operation can expand the string, @maxucs4len
+ * indicate how large the buffer holding the string is.  This function
+ * will not read or write to code points outside that size.
+ *
+ * The @flags are one of Stringprep_profile_flags, or 0.
+ *
+ * The @profile contain the instructions to perform.  Your application
+ * can define new profiles, possibly re-using the generic stringprep
+ * tables that always will be part of the library, or use one of the
+ * currently supported profiles.
+ *
+ * Return value: Returns %STRINGPREP_OK iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+int
+stringprep_4i (uint32_t * ucs4, size_t * len, size_t maxucs4len,
+	       Stringprep_profile_flags flags,
+	       const Stringprep_profile * profile)
+{
+  size_t i, j;
+  ssize_t k;
+  size_t ucs4len = *len;
+  int rc;
+
+  for (i = 0; profile[i].operation; i++)
+    {
+      switch (profile[i].operation)
+	{
+	case STRINGPREP_NFKC:
+	  {
+	    uint32_t *q = 0;
+
+	    if (UNAPPLICAPLEFLAGS (flags, profile[i].flags))
+	      break;
+
+	    if (flags & STRINGPREP_NO_NFKC && !profile[i].flags)
+	      /* Profile requires NFKC, but callee asked for no NFKC. */
+	      return STRINGPREP_FLAG_ERROR;
+
+	    q = stringprep_ucs4_nfkc_normalize (ucs4, ucs4len);
+	    if (!q)
+	      return STRINGPREP_NFKC_FAILED;
+
+	    for (ucs4len = 0; q[ucs4len]; ucs4len++)
+	      ;
+
+	    if (ucs4len >= maxucs4len)
+	      {
+		free (q);
+		return STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER;
+	      }
+
+	    memcpy (ucs4, q, ucs4len * sizeof (ucs4[0]));
+
+	    free (q);
+	  }
+	  break;
+
+	case STRINGPREP_PROHIBIT_TABLE:
+	  k = stringprep_find_string_in_table (ucs4, ucs4len,
+					       NULL, profile[i].table);
+	  if (k != -1)
+	    return STRINGPREP_CONTAINS_PROHIBITED;
+	  break;
+
+	case STRINGPREP_UNASSIGNED_TABLE:
+	  if (UNAPPLICAPLEFLAGS (flags, profile[i].flags))
+	    break;
+	  if (flags & STRINGPREP_NO_UNASSIGNED)
+	    {
+	      k = stringprep_find_string_in_table
+		(ucs4, ucs4len, NULL, profile[i].table);
+	      if (k != -1)
+		return STRINGPREP_CONTAINS_UNASSIGNED;
+	    }
+	  break;
+
+	case STRINGPREP_MAP_TABLE:
+	  if (UNAPPLICAPLEFLAGS (flags, profile[i].flags))
+	    break;
+	  rc = stringprep_apply_table_to_string
+	    (ucs4, &ucs4len, maxucs4len, profile[i].table);
+	  if (rc != STRINGPREP_OK)
+	    return rc;
+	  break;
+
+	case STRINGPREP_BIDI_PROHIBIT_TABLE:
+	case STRINGPREP_BIDI_RAL_TABLE:
+	case STRINGPREP_BIDI_L_TABLE:
+	  break;
+
+	case STRINGPREP_BIDI:
+	  {
+	    int done_prohibited = 0;
+	    int done_ral = 0;
+	    int done_l = 0;
+	    int contains_ral = -1;
+	    int contains_l = -1;
+
+	    for (j = 0; profile[j].operation; j++)
+	      if (profile[j].operation == STRINGPREP_BIDI_PROHIBIT_TABLE)
+		{
+		  done_prohibited = 1;
+		  k = stringprep_find_string_in_table (ucs4, ucs4len,
+						       NULL,
+						       profile[j].table);
+		  if (k != -1)
+		    return STRINGPREP_BIDI_CONTAINS_PROHIBITED;
+		}
+	      else if (profile[j].operation == STRINGPREP_BIDI_RAL_TABLE)
+		{
+		  done_ral = 1;
+		  if (stringprep_find_string_in_table
+		      (ucs4, ucs4len, NULL, profile[j].table) != -1)
+		    contains_ral = j;
+		}
+	      else if (profile[j].operation == STRINGPREP_BIDI_L_TABLE)
+		{
+		  done_l = 1;
+		  if (stringprep_find_string_in_table
+		      (ucs4, ucs4len, NULL, profile[j].table) != -1)
+		    contains_l = j;
+		}
+
+	    if (!done_prohibited || !done_ral || !done_l)
+	      return STRINGPREP_PROFILE_ERROR;
+
+	    if (contains_ral != -1 && contains_l != -1)
+	      return STRINGPREP_BIDI_BOTH_L_AND_RAL;
+
+	    if (contains_ral != -1)
+	      {
+		if (!(stringprep_find_character_in_table
+		      (ucs4[0], profile[contains_ral].table) != -1 &&
+		      stringprep_find_character_in_table
+		      (ucs4[ucs4len - 1], profile[contains_ral].table) != -1))
+		  return STRINGPREP_BIDI_LEADTRAIL_NOT_RAL;
+	      }
+	  }
+	  break;
+
+	default:
+	  return STRINGPREP_PROFILE_ERROR;
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+
+  *len = ucs4len;
+
+  return STRINGPREP_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+stringprep_4zi_1 (uint32_t * ucs4, size_t ucs4len, size_t maxucs4len,
+		  Stringprep_profile_flags flags,
+		  const Stringprep_profile * profile)
+{
+  int rc;
+
+  rc = stringprep_4i (ucs4, &ucs4len, maxucs4len, flags, profile);
+  if (rc != STRINGPREP_OK)
+    return rc;
+
+  if (ucs4len >= maxucs4len)
+    return STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER;
+
+  ucs4[ucs4len] = 0;
+
+  return STRINGPREP_OK;
+}
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_4zi:
+ * @ucs4: input/output array with zero terminated string to prepare.
+ * @maxucs4len: maximum length of input/output array.
+ * @flags: stringprep profile flags, or 0.
+ * @profile: pointer to stringprep profile to use.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input zero terminated UCS-4 string according to the
+ * stringprep profile, and write back the result to the input string.
+ *
+ * Since the stringprep operation can expand the string, @maxucs4len
+ * indicate how large the buffer holding the string is.  This function
+ * will not read or write to code points outside that size.
+ *
+ * The @flags are one of Stringprep_profile_flags, or 0.
+ *
+ * The @profile contain the instructions to perform.  Your application
+ * can define new profiles, possibly re-using the generic stringprep
+ * tables that always will be part of the library, or use one of the
+ * currently supported profiles.
+ *
+ * Return value: Returns %STRINGPREP_OK iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+int
+stringprep_4zi (uint32_t * ucs4, size_t maxucs4len,
+		Stringprep_profile_flags flags,
+		const Stringprep_profile * profile)
+{
+  size_t ucs4len;
+
+  for (ucs4len = 0; ucs4len < maxucs4len && ucs4[ucs4len] != 0; ucs4len++)
+    ;
+
+  return stringprep_4zi_1 (ucs4, ucs4len, maxucs4len, flags, profile);
+}
+
+/**
+ * stringprep:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ * @flags: stringprep profile flags, or 0.
+ * @profile: pointer to stringprep profile to use.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input zero terminated UTF-8 string according to the
+ * stringprep profile, and write back the result to the input string.
+ *
+ * Note that you must convert strings entered in the systems locale
+ * into UTF-8 before using this function, see
+ * stringprep_locale_to_utf8().
+ *
+ * Since the stringprep operation can expand the string, @maxlen
+ * indicate how large the buffer holding the string is.  This function
+ * will not read or write to characters outside that size.
+ *
+ * The @flags are one of Stringprep_profile_flags, or 0.
+ *
+ * The @profile contain the instructions to perform.  Your application
+ * can define new profiles, possibly re-using the generic stringprep
+ * tables that always will be part of the library, or use one of the
+ * currently supported profiles.
+ *
+ * Return value: Returns %STRINGPREP_OK iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+int
+stringprep (char *in,
+	    size_t maxlen,
+	    Stringprep_profile_flags flags,
+	    const Stringprep_profile * profile)
+{
+  int rc;
+  char *utf8 = NULL;
+  uint32_t *ucs4 = NULL;
+  size_t ucs4len, maxucs4len, adducs4len = 50;
+
+  do
+    {
+      if (ucs4)
+	free (ucs4);
+      ucs4 = stringprep_utf8_to_ucs4 (in, -1, &ucs4len);
+      maxucs4len = ucs4len + adducs4len;
+      ucs4 = realloc (ucs4, maxucs4len * sizeof (uint32_t));
+      if (!ucs4)
+	return STRINGPREP_MALLOC_ERROR;
+
+      rc = stringprep_4i (ucs4, &ucs4len, maxucs4len, flags, profile);
+      adducs4len += 50;
+    }
+  while (rc == STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER);
+  if (rc != STRINGPREP_OK)
+    {
+      free (ucs4);
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+  utf8 = stringprep_ucs4_to_utf8 (ucs4, ucs4len, 0, 0);
+  free (ucs4);
+  if (!utf8)
+    return STRINGPREP_MALLOC_ERROR;
+
+  if (strlen (utf8) >= maxlen)
+    {
+      free (utf8);
+      return STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER;
+    }
+
+  strcpy (in, utf8);		/* flawfinder: ignore */
+
+  free (utf8);
+
+  return STRINGPREP_OK;
+}
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_profile:
+ * @in: input array with UTF-8 string to prepare.
+ * @out: output variable with pointer to newly allocate string.
+ * @profile: name of stringprep profile to use.
+ * @flags: stringprep profile flags, or 0.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input zero terminated UTF-8 string according to the
+ * stringprep profile, and return the result in a newly allocated
+ * variable.
+ *
+ * Note that you must convert strings entered in the systems locale
+ * into UTF-8 before using this function, see
+ * stringprep_locale_to_utf8().
+ *
+ * The output @out variable must be deallocated by the caller.
+ *
+ * The @flags are one of Stringprep_profile_flags, or 0.
+ *
+ * The @profile specifies the name of the stringprep profile to use.
+ * It must be one of the internally supported stringprep profiles.
+ *
+ * Return value: Returns %STRINGPREP_OK iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+int
+stringprep_profile (const char *in,
+		    char **out,
+		    const char *profile, Stringprep_profile_flags flags)
+{
+  const Stringprep_profiles *p;
+  char *str = NULL;
+  size_t len = strlen (in) + 1;
+  int rc;
+
+  for (p = &stringprep_profiles[0]; p->name; p++)
+    if (strcmp (p->name, profile) == 0)
+      break;
+
+  if (!p || !p->name || !p->tables)
+    return STRINGPREP_UNKNOWN_PROFILE;
+
+  do
+    {
+      if (str)
+	free (str);
+      str = (char *) malloc (len);
+      if (str == NULL)
+	return STRINGPREP_MALLOC_ERROR;
+
+      strcpy (str, in);
+
+      rc = stringprep (str, len, flags, p->tables);
+      len += 50;
+    }
+  while (rc == STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER);
+
+  if (rc == STRINGPREP_OK)
+    *out = str;
+  else
+    free (str);
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*! \mainpage GNU Internationalized Domain Name Library
+ *
+ * \section intro Introduction
+ *
+ * GNU Libidn is an implementation of the Stringprep, Punycode and IDNA
+ * specifications defined by the IETF Internationalized Domain Names
+ * (IDN) working group, used for internationalized domain names.  The
+ * package is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
+ *
+ * The library contains a generic Stringprep implementation that does
+ * Unicode 3.2 NFKC normalization, mapping and prohibitation of
+ * characters, and bidirectional character handling.  Profiles for
+ * Nameprep, iSCSI, SASL and XMPP are included.  Punycode and ASCII
+ * Compatible Encoding (ACE) via IDNA are supported.  A mechanism to
+ * define Top-Level Domain (TLD) specific validation tables, and to
+ * compare strings against those tables, is included.  Default tables
+ * for some TLDs are also included.
+ *
+ * The Stringprep API consists of two main functions, one for
+ * converting data from the system's native representation into UTF-8,
+ * and one function to perform the Stringprep processing.  Adding a
+ * new Stringprep profile for your application within the API is
+ * straightforward.  The Punycode API consists of one encoding
+ * function and one decoding function.  The IDNA API consists of the
+ * ToASCII and ToUnicode functions, as well as an high-level interface
+ * for converting entire domain names to and from the ACE encoded
+ * form.  The TLD API consists of one set of functions to extract the
+ * TLD name from a domain string, one set of functions to locate the
+ * proper TLD table to use based on the TLD name, and core functions
+ * to validate a string against a TLD table, and some utility wrappers
+ * to perform all the steps in one call.
+ *
+ * The library is used by, e.g., GNU SASL and Shishi to process user
+ * names and passwords.  Libidn can be built into GNU Libc to enable a
+ * new system-wide getaddrinfo() flag for IDN processing.
+ *
+ * Libidn is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 Unix
+ * platforms (including Solaris, IRIX, AIX, and Tru64) and Windows.
+ * Libidn is written in C and (parts of) the API is accessible from C,
+ * C++, Emacs Lisp, Python and Java.
+ *
+ * The project web page:\n
+ * http://www.gnu.org/software/libidn/
+ *
+ * The software archive:\n
+ * ftp://alpha.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libidn/
+ *
+ * For more information see:\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/idn-charter.html\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3454.txt (stringprep specification)\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3490.txt (idna specification)\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3491.txt (nameprep specification)\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3492.txt (punycode specification)\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ips-iscsi-string-prep-04.txt\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-krb-wg-utf8-profile-01.txt\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sasl-anon-00.txt\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sasl-saslprep-00.txt\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-xmpp-nodeprep-01.txt\n
+ * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-xmpp-resourceprep-01.txt\n
+ *
+ * Further information and paid contract development:\n
+ * Simon Josefsson <simon@josefsson.org>
+ *
+ * \section examples Examples
+ *
+ * \include example.c
+ * \include example3.c
+ * \include example4.c
+ * \include example5.c
+ */
+
+/**
+ * STRINGPREP_VERSION
+ *
+ * String defined via CPP denoting the header file version number.
+ * Used together with stringprep_check_version() to verify header file
+ * and run-time library consistency.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * STRINGPREP_MAX_MAP_CHARS
+ *
+ * Maximum number of code points that can replace a single code point,
+ * during stringprep mapping.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Stringprep_rc:
+ * @STRINGPREP_OK: Successful operation.  This value is guaranteed to
+ *   always be zero, the remaining ones are only guaranteed to hold
+ *   non-zero values, for logical comparison purposes.
+ * @STRINGPREP_CONTAINS_UNASSIGNED: String contain unassigned Unicode
+ *   code points, which is forbidden by the profile.
+ * @STRINGPREP_CONTAINS_PROHIBITED: String contain code points
+ *   prohibited by the profile.
+ * @STRINGPREP_BIDI_BOTH_L_AND_RAL: String contain code points with
+ *   conflicting bidirection category.
+ * @STRINGPREP_BIDI_LEADTRAIL_NOT_RAL: Leading and trailing character
+ *   in string not of proper bidirectional category.
+ * @STRINGPREP_BIDI_CONTAINS_PROHIBITED: Contains prohibited code
+ *   points detected by bidirectional code.
+ * @STRINGPREP_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER: Buffer handed to function was too
+ *   small.  This usually indicate a problem in the calling
+ *   application.
+ * @STRINGPREP_PROFILE_ERROR: The stringprep profile was inconsistent.
+ *   This usually indicate an internal error in the library.
+ * @STRINGPREP_FLAG_ERROR: The supplied flag conflicted with profile.
+ *   This usually indicate a problem in the calling application.
+ * @STRINGPREP_UNKNOWN_PROFILE: The supplied profile name was not
+ *   known to the library.
+ * @STRINGPREP_NFKC_FAILED: The Unicode NFKC operation failed.  This
+ *   usually indicate an internal error in the library.
+ * @STRINGPREP_MALLOC_ERROR: The malloc() was out of memory.  This is
+ *   usually a fatal error.
+ *
+ * Enumerated return codes of stringprep(), stringprep_profile()
+ * functions (and macros using those functions).  The value 0 is
+ * guaranteed to always correspond to success.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Stringprep_profile_flags:
+ * @STRINGPREP_NO_NFKC: Disable the NFKC normalization, as well as
+ *   selecting the non-NFKC case folding tables.  Usually the profile
+ *   specifies BIDI and NFKC settings, and applications should not
+ *   override it unless in special situations.
+ * @STRINGPREP_NO_BIDI: Disable the BIDI step.  Usually the profile
+ *   specifies BIDI and NFKC settings, and applications should not
+ *   override it unless in special situations.
+ * @STRINGPREP_NO_UNASSIGNED: Make the library return with an error if
+ *   string contains unassigned characters according to profile.
+ *
+ * Stringprep profile flags.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Stringprep_profile_steps:
+ *
+ * Various steps in the stringprep algorithm.  You really want to
+ * study the source code to understand this one.  Only useful if you
+ * want to add another profile.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_nameprep:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the nameprep profile.
+ * The AllowUnassigned flag is true, use
+ * stringprep_nameprep_no_unassigned() if you want a false
+ * AllowUnassigned.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_nameprep_no_unassigned:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the nameprep profile.
+ * The AllowUnassigned flag is false, use stringprep_nameprep() for
+ * true AllowUnassigned.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_iscsi:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the draft iSCSI
+ * stringprep profile.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_plain:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the draft SASL
+ * ANONYMOUS profile.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_xmpp_nodeprep:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the draft XMPP node
+ * identifier profile.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/
+
+/**
+ * stringprep_xmpp_resourceprep:
+ * @in: input/ouput array with string to prepare.
+ * @maxlen: maximum length of input/output array.
+ *
+ * Prepare the input UTF-8 string according to the draft XMPP resource
+ * identifier profile.  Returns 0 iff successful, or an error code.
+ **/