PowerPC LE memchr and memrchr

http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2013-08/msg00105.html

Like strnlen, memchr and memrchr had a number of defects fixed by this
patch as well as adding little-endian support.  The first one I
noticed was that the entry to the main loop needlessly checked for
"are we done yet?" when we know the size is large enough that we can't
be done.  The second defect I noticed was that the main loop count was
wrong, which in turn meant that the small loop needed to handle an
extra word.  Thirdly, there is nothing to say that the string can't
wrap around zero, except of course that we'd normally hit a segfault
on trying to read from address zero.  Fixing that simplified a number
of places:

-	/* Are we done already?  */
-	addi    r9,r8,8
-	cmpld	r9,r7
-	bge	L(null)

becomes

+	cmpld	r8,r7
+	beqlr

However, the exit gets an extra test because I test for being on the
last word then if so whether the byte offset is less than the end.
Overall, the change is a win.

Lastly, memrchr used the wrong cache hint.

	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memchr.S: Replace rlwimi with
	insrdi.  Make better use of reg selection to speed exit slightly.
	Schedule entry path a little better.  Remove useless "are we done"
	checks on entry to main loop.  Handle wrapping around zero address.
	Correct main loop count.  Handle single left-over word from main
	loop inline rather than by using loop_small.  Remove extra word
	case in loop_small caused by wrong loop count.  Add little-endian
	support.
	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/power7/memchr.S: Likewise.
	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memrchr.S: Likewise.  Use proper
	cache hint.
	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/power7/memrchr.S: Likewise.
	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/rawmemchr.S: Add little-endian
	support.  Avoid rlwimi.
	* sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/power7/rawmemchr.S: Likewise.

3 files changed, 204 insertions, 193 deletions

diff --git a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memchr.S b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memchr.S
index 3416897f50..5076dd0c10 100644
--- a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memchr.S
+++ b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memchr.S
@@ -25,109 +25,112 @@ ENTRY (__memchr)
 	CALL_MCOUNT 2
 	dcbt	0,r3
 	clrrdi  r8,r3,3
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,8,16,23
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,16,0,15
+	insrdi	r4,r4,8,48
 	add	r7,r3,r5      /* Calculate the last acceptable address.  */
+	insrdi	r4,r4,16,32
 	cmpldi	r5,32
+	li	r9, -1
+	rlwinm	r6,r3,3,26,28 /* Calculate padding.  */
 	insrdi  r4,r4,32,0
+	addi	r7,r7,-1
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	sld	r9,r9,r6
+#else
+	srd	r9,r9,r6
+#endif
 	ble	L(small_range)
 
-	cmpld	cr7,r3,r7     /* Compare the starting address (r3) with the
-				 ending address (r7).  If (r3 >= r7),
-				 the size passed in was zero or negative.  */
-	ble	cr7,L(proceed)
-
-	li	r7,-1         /* Artificially set our ending address (r7)
-				 such that we will exit early.  */
-
-L(proceed):
-	rlwinm	r6,r3,3,26,28 /* Calculate padding.  */
-	cmpldi	cr6,r6,0      /* cr6 == Do we have padding?  */
 	ld	r12,0(r8)     /* Load doubleword from memory.  */
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4    /* Check for BYTEs in DWORD1.  */
-	beq	cr6,L(proceed_no_padding)
-	sld	r10,r10,r6
-	srd	r10,r10,r6
-L(proceed_no_padding):
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0     /* Does r10 indicate we got a hit?  */
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4     /* Check for BYTEs in DWORD1.  */
+	and	r3,r3,r9
+	clrldi	r5,r7,61      /* Byte count - 1 in last dword.  */
+	clrrdi	r7,r7,3       /* Address of last doubleword.  */
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0      /* Does r3 indicate we got a hit?  */
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
-	/* See if we are at the last acceptable address yet.  */
-	addi	r9,r8,8
-	cmpld	cr6,r9,r7
-	bge	cr6,L(null)
-
 	mtcrf   0x01,r8
 	/* Are we now aligned to a quadword boundary?  If so, skip to
 	   the main loop.  Otherwise, go through the alignment code.  */
-
 	bt	28,L(loop_setup)
 
 	/* Handle DWORD2 of pair.  */
 	ldu	r12,8(r8)
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
-	/* Are we done already?  */
-	addi	r9,r8,8
-	cmpld	cr6,r9,r7
-	bge	cr6,L(null)
-
 L(loop_setup):
-	sub	r5,r7,r9
-	srdi	r6,r5,4	      /* Number of loop iterations.  */
+	/* The last dword we want to read in the loop below is the one
+	   containing the last byte of the string, ie. the dword at
+	   (s + size - 1) & ~7, or r7.  The first dword read is at
+	   r8 + 8, we read 2 * cnt dwords, so the last dword read will
+	   be at r8 + 8 + 16 * cnt - 8.  Solving for cnt gives
+	   cnt = (r7 - r8) / 16  */
+	sub	r6,r7,r8
+	srdi	r6,r6,4	      /* Number of loop iterations.  */
 	mtctr	r6            /* Setup the counter.  */
-	b	L(loop)
-	/* Main loop to look for BYTE backwards in the string.  Since
-	   it's a small loop (< 8 instructions), align it to 32-bytes.  */
-	.p2align  5
+
+	/* Main loop to look for BYTE in the string.  Since
+	   it's a small loop (8 instructions), align it to 32-bytes.  */
+	.align	5
 L(loop):
 	/* Load two doublewords, compare and merge in a
 	   single register for speed.  This is an attempt
 	   to speed up the byte-checking process for bigger strings.  */
 	ld	r12,8(r8)
 	ldu	r11,16(r8)
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
 	cmpb	r9,r11,r4
-	or	r5,r9,r10     /* Merge everything in one doubleword.  */
-	cmpldi	cr7,r5,0
+	or	r6,r9,r3      /* Merge everything in one doubleword.  */
+	cmpldi	cr7,r6,0
 	bne	cr7,L(found)
 	bdnz	L(loop)
 
-	/* We're here because the counter reached 0, and that means we
-	   didn't have any matches for BYTE in the whole range.  */
-	subi	r11,r7,8
-	cmpld	cr6,r8,r11
-	blt	cr6,L(loop_small)
-	b	L(null)
+	/* We may have one more dword to read.  */
+	cmpld	r8,r7
+	beqlr
 
+	ldu	r12,8(r8)
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
+	bne	cr6,L(done)
+	blr
+
+	.align	4
+L(found):
 	/* OK, one (or both) of the doublewords contains BYTE.  Check
 	   the first doubleword and decrement the address in case the first
 	   doubleword really contains BYTE.  */
-	.align	4
-L(found):
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
 	addi	r8,r8,-8
 	bne	cr6,L(done)
 
 	/* BYTE must be in the second doubleword.  Adjust the address
-	   again and move the result of cmpb to r10 so we can calculate the
+	   again and move the result of cmpb to r3 so we can calculate the
 	   pointer.  */
 
-	mr	r10,r9
+	mr	r3,r9
 	addi	r8,r8,8
 
-	/* r10 has the output of the cmpb instruction, that is, it contains
+	/* r3 has the output of the cmpb instruction, that is, it contains
 	   0xff in the same position as BYTE in the original
 	   doubleword from the string.  Use that to calculate the pointer.
 	   We need to make sure BYTE is *before* the end of the range.  */
 L(done):
-	cntlzd	r0,r10	      /* Count leading zeroes before the match.  */
-	srdi	r0,r0,3	      /* Convert leading zeroes to bytes.  */
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	addi    r0,r3,-1
+	andc    r0,r0,r3
+	popcntd	r0,r0	      /* Count trailing zeros.  */
+#else
+	cntlzd	r0,r3	      /* Count leading zeros before the match.  */
+#endif
+	cmpld	r8,r7         /* Are we on the last dword?  */
+	srdi	r0,r0,3	      /* Convert leading/trailing zeros to bytes.  */
 	add	r3,r8,r0
-	cmpld	r3,r7
-	bge	L(null)
+	cmpld	cr7,r0,r5     /* If on the last dword, check byte offset.  */
+	bnelr
+	blelr	cr7
+	li	r3,0
 	blr
 
 	.align	4
@@ -139,67 +142,44 @@ L(null):
 	.align	4
 L(small_range):
 	cmpldi	r5,0
-	rlwinm	r6,r3,3,26,28 /* Calculate padding.  */
-	beq	L(null)       /* This branch is for the cmpldi r5,0 above.  */
+	beq	L(null)
 	ld	r12,0(r8)     /* Load word from memory.  */
-	cmpldi	cr6,r6,0      /* cr6 == Do we have padding?  */
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4    /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
-			      /* If no padding, skip the shifts.  */
-	beq	cr6,L(small_no_padding)
-	sld	r10,r10,r6
-	srd	r10,r10,r6
-L(small_no_padding):
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4     /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
+	and	r3,r3,r9
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
+	clrldi	r5,r7,61      /* Byte count - 1 in last dword.  */
+	clrrdi	r7,r7,3       /* Address of last doubleword.  */
+	cmpld	r8,r7         /* Are we done already?  */
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
+	beqlr
 
-	/* Are we done already?  */
-	addi    r9,r8,8
-	cmpld	r9,r7
-	bge	L(null)
-	/* If we're not done, drop through into loop_small.  */
-
-L(loop_small):                /* loop_small has been unrolled.  */
 	ldu	r12,8(r8)
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	addi	r9,r8,8
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	cmpld	r9,r7
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
+	cmpld	r8,r7
 	bne	cr6,L(done)   /* Found something.  */
-	bge	L(null)       /* Hit end of string (length).  */
+	beqlr		      /* Hit end of string (length).  */
 
 	ldu	r12,8(r8)
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	addi	r9,r8,8
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	cmpld	r9,r7
-	bne	cr6,L(done)   /* Found something.  */
-	bge	L(null)
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
+	cmpld	r8,r7
+	bne	cr6,L(done)
+	beqlr
 
 	ldu	r12,8(r8)
-	subi	r11,r7,8
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	ori	r2,r2,0       /* Force a dispatch group.  */
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
+	cmpld	r8,r7
 	bne	cr6,L(done)
+	beqlr
 
-	cmpld	r8,r11        /* At end of range?  */
-	bge	L(null)
-
-	/* For most cases we will never get here.  Under some combinations of
-	   padding + length there is a leftover double that still needs to be
-	   checked.  */
 	ldu	r12,8(r8)
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	addi	r9,r8,8
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	cmpld	r9,r7
-	bne	cr6,L(done)   /* Found something.  */
-
-	/* Save a branch and exit directly.  */
-	li	r3,0
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
+	bne	cr6,L(done)
 	blr
 
-
 END (__memchr)
 weak_alias (__memchr, memchr)
 libc_hidden_builtin_def (memchr)
diff --git a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memrchr.S b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memrchr.S
index c49995210c..a9e86cb19a 100644
--- a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memrchr.S
+++ b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/memrchr.S
@@ -23,118 +23,132 @@
 	.machine  power7
 ENTRY (__memrchr)
 	CALL_MCOUNT
-	dcbt	0,r3
-	mr	r7,r3
-	add	r3,r7,r5      /* Calculate the last acceptable address.  */
-	cmpld	cr7,r3,r7     /* Is the address equal or less than r3?  */
+	add	r7,r3,r5      /* Calculate the last acceptable address.  */
+	neg	r0,r7
+	addi	r7,r7,-1
+	mr	r10,r3
+	clrrdi	r6,r7,7
+	li	r9,3<<5
+	dcbt	r9,r6,16      /* Stream hint, decreasing addresses.  */
 
 	/* Replicate BYTE to doubleword.  */
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,8,16,23
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,16,0,15
+	insrdi	r4,r4,8,48
+	insrdi	r4,r4,16,32
 	insrdi  r4,r4,32,0
-	bge	cr7,L(proceed)
-
-	li	r3,-1	      /* Make r11 the biggest if r4 <= 0.  */
-L(proceed):
 	li	r6,-8
-	addi	r9,r3,-1
-	clrrdi  r8,r9,3
-	addi	r8,r8,8
-	neg	r0,r3
+	li	r9,-1
 	rlwinm	r0,r0,3,26,28 /* Calculate padding.  */
-
+	clrrdi	r8,r7,3
+	srd	r9,r9,r0
 	cmpldi	r5,32
+	clrrdi	r0,r10,3
 	ble	L(small_range)
 
-	ldbrx	r12,r8,r6     /* Load reversed doubleword from memory.  */
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4    /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
-	sld	r10,r10,r0
-	srd	r10,r10,r0
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0     /* If r10 == 0, no BYTEs have been found.  */
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,0,r8
+#else
+	ldbrx	r12,0,r8      /* Load reversed doubleword from memory.  */
+#endif
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4     /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
+	and	r3,r3,r9
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0      /* If r3 == 0, no BYTEs have been found.  */
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
-	/* Are we done already?  */
-	addi	r9,r8,-8
-	cmpld	cr6,r9,r7
-	ble	cr6,L(null)
-
 	mtcrf   0x01,r8
-	/* Are we now aligned to a doubleword boundary?  If so, skip to
+	/* Are we now aligned to a quadword boundary?  If so, skip to
 	   the main loop.  Otherwise, go through the alignment code.  */
-	mr	r8,r9
-	bt	28,L(loop_setup)
+	bf	28,L(loop_setup)
 
 	/* Handle DWORD2 of pair.  */
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,r8,r6
+#else
 	ldbrx	r12,r8,r6
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0
-	bne	cr7,L(done)
-
-	/* Are we done already.  */
+#endif
 	addi	r8,r8,-8
-	cmpld	cr6,r8,r7
-	ble	cr6,L(null)
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
+	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
 L(loop_setup):
-	li	r0,-16
-	sub	r5,r8,r7
-	srdi	r9,r5,4	      /* Number of loop iterations.  */
+	/* The last dword we want to read in the loop below is the one
+	   containing the first byte of the string, ie. the dword at
+	   s & ~7, or r0.  The first dword read is at r8 - 8, we
+	   read 2 * cnt dwords, so the last dword read will be at
+	   r8 - 8 - 16 * cnt + 8.  Solving for cnt gives
+	   cnt = (r8 - r0) / 16  */
+	sub	r5,r8,r0
+	addi	r8,r8,-8
+	srdi	r9,r5,4       /* Number of loop iterations.  */
 	mtctr	r9	      /* Setup the counter.  */
-	b	L(loop)
-	/* Main loop to look for BYTE backwards in the string.  Since it's a
-	   small loop (< 8 instructions), align it to 32-bytes.  */
-	.p2align  5
+
+	/* Main loop to look for BYTE backwards in the string.
+	   FIXME: Investigate whether 32 byte align helps with this
+	   9 instruction loop.  */
+	.align	5
 L(loop):
 	/* Load two doublewords, compare and merge in a
 	   single register for speed.  This is an attempt
 	   to speed up the byte-checking process for bigger strings.  */
 
-	ldbrx	r12,r8,r6
-	ldbrx	r11,r8,r0
-	addi	r8,r8,-8
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,0,r8
+	ldx	r11,r8,r6
+#else
+	ldbrx	r12,0,r8
+	ldbrx	r11,r8,r6
+#endif
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
 	cmpb	r9,r11,r4
-	or	r5,r9,r10     /* Merge everything in one doubleword.  */
+	or	r5,r9,r3      /* Merge everything in one doubleword.  */
 	cmpldi	cr7,r5,0
 	bne	cr7,L(found)
-	addi	r8,r8,-8
+	addi	r8,r8,-16
 	bdnz	L(loop)
-	/* We're here because the counter reached 0, and that means we
-	   didn't have any matches for BYTE in the whole range.  Just return
-	   the original range.  */
-	addi	r8,r8,8
-	cmpld	cr6,r8,r7
-	bgt	cr6,L(loop_small)
-	b	L(null)
-
-	/* OK, one (or both) of the words contains BYTE.  Check
-	   the first word and decrement the address in case the first
-	   word really contains BYTE.  */
+
+	/* We may have one more word to read.  */
+	cmpld	r8,r0
+	bnelr
+
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,0,r8
+#else
+	ldbrx	r12,0,r8
+#endif
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
+	bne	cr7,L(done)
+	blr
+
 	.align	4
 L(found):
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	addi	r8,r8,8
+	/* OK, one (or both) of the dwords contains BYTE.  Check
+	   the first dword.  */
+	cmpldi	cr6,r3,0
 	bne	cr6,L(done)
 
 	/* BYTE must be in the second word.  Adjust the address
-	   again and move the result of cmpb to r10 so we can calculate the
+	   again and move the result of cmpb to r3 so we can calculate the
 	   pointer.  */
 
-	mr	r10,r9
+	mr	r3,r9
 	addi	r8,r8,-8
 
-	/* r10 has the output of the cmpb instruction, that is, it contains
-	   0xff in the same position as the BYTE in the original
+	/* r3 has the output of the cmpb instruction, that is, it contains
+	   0xff in the same position as BYTE in the original
 	   word from the string.  Use that to calculate the pointer.
 	   We need to make sure BYTE is *before* the end of the
 	   range.  */
 L(done):
-	cntlzd	r0,r10	      /* Count leading zeroes before the match.  */
-	srdi	r6,r0,3	      /* Convert leading zeroes to bytes.  */
-	addi	r0,r6,1
+	cntlzd	r9,r3	      /* Count leading zeros before the match.  */
+	cmpld	r8,r0         /* Are we on the last word?  */
+	srdi	r6,r9,3	      /* Convert leading zeros to bytes.  */
+	addi	r0,r6,-7
 	sub	r3,r8,r0
-	cmpld	r3,r7
-	blt	L(null)
+	cmpld	cr7,r3,r10
+	bnelr
+	bgelr	cr7
+	li	r3,0
 	blr
 
 	.align	4
@@ -148,29 +162,35 @@ L(small_range):
 	cmpldi	r5,0
 	beq	L(null)
 
-	ldbrx	r12,r8,r6     /* Load reversed doubleword from memory.  */
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4    /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
-	sld	r10,r10,r0
-	srd	r10,r10,r0
-	cmpldi	cr7,r10,0
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,0,r8
+#else
+	ldbrx	r12,0,r8      /* Load reversed doubleword from memory.  */
+#endif
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4     /* Check for BYTE in DWORD1.  */
+	and	r3,r3,r9
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
 	/* Are we done already?  */
+	cmpld	r8,r0
 	addi	r8,r8,-8
-	cmpld	r8,r7
-	ble	L(null)
-	b	L(loop_small)
+	beqlr
 
-	.p2align  5
+	.align	5
 L(loop_small):
-	ldbrx	r12,r8,r6
-	cmpb	r10,r12,r4
-	cmpldi	cr6,r10,0
-	bne	cr6,L(done)
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	ldx	r12,0,r8
+#else
+	ldbrx	r12,0,r8
+#endif
+	cmpb	r3,r12,r4
+	cmpld	r8,r0
+	cmpldi	cr7,r3,0
+	bne	cr7,L(done)
 	addi	r8,r8,-8
-	cmpld	r8,r7
-	ble	L(null)
-	b	L(loop_small)
+	bne	L(loop_small)
+	blr
 
 END (__memrchr)
 weak_alias (__memrchr, memrchr)
diff --git a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/rawmemchr.S b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/rawmemchr.S
index 50a33d8fae..547aed771f 100644
--- a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/rawmemchr.S
+++ b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/rawmemchr.S
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ ENTRY (__rawmemchr)
 	clrrdi	r8,r3,3	      /* Align the address to doubleword boundary.  */
 
 	/* Replicate byte to doubleword.  */
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,8,16,23
-	rlwimi	r4,r4,16,0,15
+	insrdi	r4,r4,8,48
+	insrdi	r4,r4,16,32
 	insrdi	r4,r4,32,0
 
 	/* Now r4 has a doubleword of c bytes.  */
@@ -36,8 +36,13 @@ ENTRY (__rawmemchr)
 	rlwinm	r6,r3,3,26,28 /* Calculate padding.  */
 	ld	r12,0(r8)     /* Load doubleword from memory.  */
 	cmpb	r5,r12,r4     /* Compare each byte against c byte.  */
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	srd	r5,r5,r6
+	sld	r5,r5,r6
+#else
 	sld	r5,r5,r6      /* Move left to discard ignored bits.  */
 	srd	r5,r5,r6      /* Bring the bits back as zeros.  */
+#endif
 	cmpdi	cr7,r5,0      /* If r5 == 0, no c bytes have been found.  */
 	bne	cr7,L(done)
 
@@ -91,8 +96,14 @@ L(loop):
 	   doubleword from the string.  Use that fact to find out what is
 	   the position of the byte inside the string.  */
 L(done):
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	addi    r0,r5,-1
+	andc    r0,r0,r5
+	popcntd	r0,r0	      /* Count trailing zeros.  */
+#else
 	cntlzd	r0,r5	      /* Count leading zeros before the match.  */
-	srdi	r0,r0,3	      /* Convert leading zeroes to bytes.  */
+#endif
+	srdi	r0,r0,3	      /* Convert leading zeros to bytes.  */
 	add	r3,r8,r0      /* Return address of the matching char.  */
 	blr
 END (__rawmemchr)