Add --enable-static-pie configure option to build static PIE [BZ #19574]

Static PIE extends address space layout randomization to static
executables.  It provides additional security hardening benefits at
the cost of some memory and performance.

Dynamic linker, ld.so, is a standalone program which can be loaded at
any address.  This patch adds a configure option, --enable-static-pie,
to embed the part of ld.so in static executable to create static position
independent executable (static PIE).  A static PIE is similar to static
executable, but can be loaded at any address without help from a dynamic
linker.  When --enable-static-pie is used to configure glibc, libc.a is
built as PIE and all static executables, including tests, are built as
static PIE.  The resulting libc.a can be used together with GCC 8 or
above to build static PIE with the compiler option, -static-pie.  But
GCC 8 isn't required to build glibc with --enable-static-pie.  Only GCC
with PIE support is needed.  When an older GCC is used to build glibc
with --enable-static-pie, proper input files are passed to linker to
create static executables as static PIE, together with "-z text" to
prevent dynamic relocations in read-only segments, which are not allowed
in static PIE.

The following changes are made for static PIE:

1. Add a new function, _dl_relocate_static_pie, to:
   a. Get the run-time load address.
   b. Read the dynamic section.
   c. Perform dynamic relocations.
Dynamic linker also performs these steps.  But static PIE doesn't load
any shared objects.
2. Call _dl_relocate_static_pie at entrance of LIBC_START_MAIN in
libc.a.  crt1.o, which is used to create dynamic and non-PIE static
executables, is updated to include a dummy _dl_relocate_static_pie.
rcrt1.o is added to create static PIE, which will link in the real
_dl_relocate_static_pie.  grcrt1.o is also added to create static PIE
with -pg.  GCC 8 has been updated to support rcrt1.o and grcrt1.o for
static PIE.

Static PIE can work on all architectures which support PIE, provided:

1. Target must support accessing of local functions without dynamic
relocations, which is needed in start.S to call __libc_start_main with
function addresses of __libc_csu_init, __libc_csu_fini and main.  All
functions in static PIE are local functions.  If PIE start.S can't reach
main () defined in a shared object, the code sequence:

	pass address of local_main to __libc_start_main
	...

local_main:
	tail call to main via PLT

can be used.
2. start.S is updated to check PIC instead SHARED for PIC code path and
avoid dynamic relocation, when PIC is defined and SHARED isn't defined,
to support static PIE.
3. All assembly codes are updated check PIC instead SHARED for PIC code
path to avoid dynamic relocations in read-only sections.
4. All assembly codes are updated check SHARED instead PIC for static
symbol name.
5. elf_machine_load_address in dl-machine.h are updated to support static
PIE.
6. __brk works without TLS nor dynamic relocations in read-only section
so that it can be used by __libc_setup_tls to initializes TLS in static
PIE.

NB: When glibc is built with GCC defaulted to PIE, libc.a is compiled
with -fPIE, regardless if --enable-static-pie is used to configure glibc.
When glibc is configured with --enable-static-pie, libc.a is compiled
with -fPIE, regardless whether GCC defaults to PIE or not.  The same
libc.a can be used to build both static executable and static PIE.
There is no need for separate PIE copy of libc.a.

On x86-64, the normal static sln:

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
 625425	   8284	   5456	 639165	  9c0bd	elf/sln

the static PIE sln:

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
 657626	  20636	   5392	 683654	  a6e86	elf/sln

The code size is increased by 5% and the binary size is increased by 7%.

Linker requirements to build glibc with --enable-static-pie:

1. Linker supports --no-dynamic-linker to remove PT_INTERP segment from
static PIE.
2. Linker can create working static PIE.  The x86-64 linker needs the
fix for

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=21782

The i386 linker needs to be able to convert "movl main@GOT(%ebx), %eax"
to "leal main@GOTOFF(%ebx), %eax" if main is defined locally.

Binutils 2.29 or above are OK for i686 and x86-64.  But linker status for
other targets need to be verified.

3. Linker should resolve undefined weak symbols to 0 in static PIE:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22269

4. Many ELF backend linkers incorrectly check bfd_link_pic for TLS
relocations, which should check bfd_link_executable instead:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22263

Tested on aarch64, i686 and x86-64.

Using GCC 7 and binutils master branch, build-many-glibcs.py with
--enable-static-pie with all patches for static PIE applied have the
following build successes:

PASS: glibcs-aarch64_be-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-aarch64-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-armeb-linux-gnueabi-be8 build
PASS: glibcs-armeb-linux-gnueabi build
PASS: glibcs-armeb-linux-gnueabihf-be8 build
PASS: glibcs-armeb-linux-gnueabihf build
PASS: glibcs-arm-linux-gnueabi build
PASS: glibcs-arm-linux-gnueabihf build
PASS: glibcs-arm-linux-gnueabihf-v7a build
PASS: glibcs-arm-linux-gnueabihf-v7a-disable-multi-arch build
PASS: glibcs-m68k-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-microblazeel-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-microblaze-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n32 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n32-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n32-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n32-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n64 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n64-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n64-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64el-linux-gnu-n64-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n32 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n32-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n32-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n32-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n64 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n64-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n64-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips64-linux-gnu-n64-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mipsel-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-mipsel-linux-gnu-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mipsel-linux-gnu-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mipsel-linux-gnu-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-mips-linux-gnu-nan2008 build
PASS: glibcs-mips-linux-gnu-nan2008-soft build
PASS: glibcs-mips-linux-gnu-soft build
PASS: glibcs-nios2-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-powerpc64le-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-powerpc64-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-tilegxbe-linux-gnu-32 build
PASS: glibcs-tilegxbe-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-tilegx-linux-gnu-32 build
PASS: glibcs-tilegx-linux-gnu build
PASS: glibcs-tilepro-linux-gnu build

and the following build failures:

FAIL: glibcs-alpha-linux-gnu build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

assertion fail bfd/elf64-alpha.c:4125

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.

FAIL: glibcs-hppa-linux-gnu build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

collect2: fatal error: ld terminated with signal 11 [Segmentation fault]

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22537

FAIL: glibcs-ia64-linux-gnu build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

collect2: fatal error: ld terminated with signal 11 [Segmentation fault]

FAIL: glibcs-powerpc-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-powerpc-linux-gnu-soft build
FAIL: glibcs-powerpc-linux-gnuspe build
FAIL: glibcs-powerpc-linux-gnuspe-e500v1 build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

ld: read-only segment has dynamic relocations.

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.  See:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22264

FAIL: glibcs-powerpc-linux-gnu-power4 build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

findlocale.c:96:(.text+0x22c): @local call to ifunc memchr

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.

FAIL: glibcs-s390-linux-gnu build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

collect2: fatal error: ld terminated with signal 11 [Segmentation fault], core dumped

assertion fail bfd/elflink.c:14299

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.

FAIL: glibcs-sh3eb-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-sh3-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-sh4eb-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-sh4eb-linux-gnu-soft build
FAIL: glibcs-sh4-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-sh4-linux-gnu-soft build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

ld: read-only segment has dynamic relocations.

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.  See:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22263

Also TLS code sequence in SH assembly syscalls in glibc doesn't match TLS
code sequence expected by ld:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22270

FAIL: glibcs-sparc64-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-sparcv9-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-tilegxbe-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-tilegxbe-linux-gnu-32 build
FAIL: glibcs-tilegx-linux-gnu build
FAIL: glibcs-tilegx-linux-gnu-32 build
FAIL: glibcs-tilepro-linux-gnu build

elf/sln is failed to link due to:

ld: read-only segment has dynamic relocations.

This is caused by linker bug and/or non-PIC code in PIE libc.a.  See:

https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22263

	[BZ #19574]
	* INSTALL: Regenerated.
	* Makeconfig (real-static-start-installed-name): New.
	(pic-default): Updated for --enable-static-pie.
	(pie-default): New for --enable-static-pie.
	(default-pie-ldflag): Likewise.
	(+link-static-before-libc): Replace $(DEFAULT-LDFLAGS-$(@F))
	with $(if $($(@F)-no-pie),$(no-pie-ldflag),$(default-pie-ldflag)).
	Replace $(static-start-installed-name) with
	$(real-static-start-installed-name).
	(+prectorT): Updated for --enable-static-pie.
	(+postctorT): Likewise.
	(CFLAGS-.o): Add $(pie-default).
	(CFLAGS-.op): Likewise.
	* NEWS: Mention --enable-static-pie.
	* config.h.in (ENABLE_STATIC_PIE): New.
	* configure.ac (--enable-static-pie): New configure option.
	(have-no-dynamic-linker): New LIBC_CONFIG_VAR.
	(have-static-pie): Likewise.
	Enable static PIE if linker supports --no-dynamic-linker.
	(ENABLE_STATIC_PIE): New AC_DEFINE.
	(enable-static-pie): New LIBC_CONFIG_VAR.
	* configure: Regenerated.
	* csu/Makefile (omit-deps): Add r$(start-installed-name) and
	gr$(start-installed-name) for --enable-static-pie.
	(extra-objs): Likewise.
	(install-lib): Likewise.
	(extra-objs): Add static-reloc.o and static-reloc.os
	($(objpfx)$(start-installed-name)): Also depend on
	$(objpfx)static-reloc.o.
	($(objpfx)r$(start-installed-name)): New.
	($(objpfx)g$(start-installed-name)): Also depend on
	$(objpfx)static-reloc.os.
	($(objpfx)gr$(start-installed-name)): New.
	* csu/libc-start.c (LIBC_START_MAIN): Call _dl_relocate_static_pie
	in libc.a.
	* csu/libc-tls.c (__libc_setup_tls): Add main_map->l_addr to
	initimage.
	* csu/static-reloc.c: New file.
	* elf/Makefile (routines): Add dl-reloc-static-pie.
	(elide-routines.os): Likewise.
	(DEFAULT-LDFLAGS-tst-tls1-static-non-pie): Removed.
	(tst-tls1-static-non-pie-no-pie): New.
	* elf/dl-reloc-static-pie.c: New file.
	* elf/dl-support.c (_dl_get_dl_main_map): New function.
	* elf/dynamic-link.h (ELF_DURING_STARTUP): Also check
	STATIC_PIE_BOOTSTRAP.
	* elf/get-dynamic-info.h (elf_get_dynamic_info): Likewise.
	* gmon/Makefile (tests): Add tst-gmon-static-pie.
	(tests-static): Likewise.
	(DEFAULT-LDFLAGS-tst-gmon-static): Removed.
	(tst-gmon-static-no-pie): New.
	(CFLAGS-tst-gmon-static-pie.c): Likewise.
	(CRT-tst-gmon-static-pie): Likewise.
	(tst-gmon-static-pie-ENV): Likewise.
	(tests-special): Likewise.
	($(objpfx)tst-gmon-static-pie.out): Likewise.
	(clean-tst-gmon-static-pie-data): Likewise.
	($(objpfx)tst-gmon-static-pie-gprof.out): Likewise.
	* gmon/tst-gmon-static-pie.c: New file.
	* manual/install.texi: Document --enable-static-pie.
	* sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (_dl_relocate_static_pie): New.
	(_dl_get_dl_main_map): Likewise.
	* sysdeps/i386/configure.ac: Check if linker supports static PIE.
	* sysdeps/x86_64/configure.ac: Likewise.
	* sysdeps/i386/configure: Regenerated.
	* sysdeps/x86_64/configure: Likewise.
	* sysdeps/mips/Makefile (ASFLAGS-.o): Add $(pie-default).
	(ASFLAGS-.op): Likewise.

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