Refine documentation of libm exceptions goals.

This patch refines the math.texi documentation of the goals for when
libm function raise the inexact and underflow exceptions.  The
previous text was problematic in some cases around the underflow
threshold.

* Strictly, it would have meant that if the mathematical result of pow
  was very slightly below DBL_MIN, for example, it was required to
  raise the underflow exception; although normally a few ulps error
  would be OK, if that error meant the computed value was slightly
  above DBL_MIN it would fail the previously described underflow
  exception goal.

* Similarly, strict IEEE semantics would imply that sin (DBL_MIN), in
  round-to-nearest mode, underflows on before-rounding but not
  after-rounding architectures, while returning DBL_MIN; the previous
  wording would have required an underflow exception, so preventing
  checks for a result with absolute value below DBL_MIN from being
  sufficient checks to determine whether the exception is required.
  (Under the previous wording, checks for a result with absolute value
  <= DBL_MIN wouldn't have been sufficient either, because in
  FE_TOWARDZERO mode a result of DBL_MIN definitely does not result
  from an underflowing infinite-precision result.)

* The previous wording about rounding infinite-precision values could
  be taken to mean all exceptions including "inexact" must be
  consistent with some such value.  That would mean that a result of
  DBL_MIN in FE_UPWARD mode with "inexact" raised must also have
  "underflow" raised on before-rounding architectures.  Again, that
  would cause problems for computing a result (possibly with spurious
  "inexact" exceptions) and then using a rounding-mode-independent
  test for results with absolute value below DBL_MIN to determine
  whether an underflow exception must be forced in case the underflows
  from intermediate computations happened to be exact.

By refining the documentation, this patch avoids stating goals for
accuracy close to the underflow threshold that were stricter than
applied anywhere else, and allows the implementation strategy of:
compute a result within a few ulps, taking care to avoid underflows in
intermediate computations, then force an underflow exception if that
result was subnormal.  Only fully-defined functions such as fma need
to take greater care about the exact underflow threshold (including
its dependence on whether the architecture is before-rounding or
after-rounding, and on the rounding mode on after-rounding
architectures).

(If the rounding mode is changed as part of the computation, it's
still necessary to ensure that not just intermediate computations, but
the final computation of the result to be returned, do not raise
underflow if that result is the least normal value and underflow would
be inconsistent with the original rounding mode.  Since such code can
readily discard exceptions as part of saving and restoring the
rounding mode - SET_RESTORE_ROUND_NOEX etc. - I don't think that
should be a problem in practice.)

	* manual/math.texi (Errors in Math Functions): Clarify goals
	regarding inexact and underflow exceptions.

2 files changed, 18 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index c44ce0dc24..84712856a7 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2015-02-17  Joseph Myers  <joseph@codesourcery.com>
+
+	* manual/math.texi (Errors in Math Functions): Clarify goals
+	regarding inexact and underflow exceptions.
+
 2015-02-17  Steve Ellcey  <sellcey@imgtec.com>
 
 	* sysdeps/mips/memcpy.S: Move R6 PREFETCH_STORE_HINT check.
diff --git a/manual/math.texi b/manual/math.texi
index 206021c65d..72f3fda0a3 100644
--- a/manual/math.texi
+++ b/manual/math.texi
@@ -1313,7 +1313,9 @@ exact value passed as the input.  Exceptions are raised appropriately
 for this value and in accordance with IEEE 754 / ISO C / POSIX
 semantics, and it is then rounded according to the current rounding
 direction to the result that is returned to the user.  @code{errno}
-may also be set (@pxref{Math Error Reporting}).
+may also be set (@pxref{Math Error Reporting}).  (The ``inexact''
+exception may be raised, or not raised, even if this is inconsistent
+with the infinite-precision value.)
 
 @item
 For the IBM @code{long double} format, as used on PowerPC GNU/Linux,
@@ -1344,11 +1346,16 @@ subnormal (in each case, with the correct sign), according to the
 current rounding direction and with the underflow exception raised.
 
 @item
-Where the mathematical result underflows and is not exactly
-representable as a floating-point value, the underflow exception is
-raised (so there may be spurious underflow exceptions in cases where
-the underflowing result is exact, but not missing underflow exceptions
-in cases where it is inexact).
+Where the mathematical result underflows (before rounding) and is not
+exactly representable as a floating-point value, the function does not
+behave as if the computed infinite-precision result is an exact value
+in the subnormal range.  This means that the underflow exception is
+raised other than possibly for cases where the mathematical result is
+very close to the underflow threshold and the function behaves as if
+it computes an infinite-precision result that does not underflow.  (So
+there may be spurious underflow exceptions in cases where the
+underflowing result is exact, but not missing underflow exceptions in
+cases where it is inexact.)
 
 @item
 @Theglibc{} does not aim for functions to satisfy other properties of